Real-time phased array imaging using digital beam forming and autonomous channel control

Ultrasound continues to be one of the major imaging modalities used for the diagnosis and treatment of a number of medical conditions. Therefore emphasis on innovation is continually increasing the quality of the ultrasound systems. However focus is just beginning to shift into the low-cost and portable applications of ultrasound. These systems present interesting constraints which must be considered to transform a standalone system into a portable version. This review takes a look at some of the attempts which have been published, as well as some of the issues which have still yet to be resolved. In conclusion, low-cost portable ultrasound has the capability to be developed and commercialized, but until a suitable replacement to piezoelectric crystals has been developed (possibly CMUTs?) low-cost portable ultrasound system will be held back by the high cost burden associated with the cost of piezoceramics.

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“…1) R intermediate frequency [12]. 2) U was performed using the tial technology to be a tional ultrasound system.…”

Section: Receive Circuitry Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of low-cost portable ultrasound systems: Review

Baran

Webster

2009

2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

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“…If interpolation is not used, a high sampling frequency is necessary in order to limit the increase in sidelobe and grating lobe levels, due to the phase quantization [14]. An alternative to using interpolation, which can be hardware demanding, is to use phase rotation in the digital beamformer as suggested by O'Donnell and coworkers in [15].…”

Section: A Sta Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the noise power was subtracted from the signal power vector before taking the ratio. Thus, for a given depth (15) where is the signal power, and is the noise power. The SNR improvement in the tissue mimicking phantom was obtained using the parts of Fig.…”

Section: B Phantom Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multielement synthetic transmit aperture imaging using temporal encoding

Gammelmark

Jensen

2003

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

124

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“…Applied to base-band signals, a reduction of the sampling rate by a factor of three or four is achieved. However, this requires complex demodulation for highest performance [9], [10], or quadrature sampling if narrowband transducers are used, or a decrease on image quality is allowed [11]. In these cases, the acquired samples are passed thorough an interpolator or a phase rotator and are not used for direct summation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The progressive focusing correction technique for ultrasound beamforming

Fritsch¹,

Parrilla²,

Ibanez³

et al. 2006

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Abstract-This work presents a novel method for digital ultrasound beamforming based on programmable table look-ups, in which vectors containing coded focusing information are efficiently stored, achieving an information density of a fraction of bit per acquired sample. Timing errors at the foci are within half the period of a master clock of arbitrarily high frequency to improve imaging quality with low resource requirements. The technique is applicable with conventional as well as with ∆Σ converters.The bit-width of the focusing code and the number of samples per focus can be defined to improve both memory size and F# with controlled timing errors. In the static mode, the number of samples per focus is fixed, and in the dynamic approach that figure grows progressively, taking advantage of the increasing depth of focus. Furthermore, the latter has the lowest memory requirements.The technique is well suited for research purposes as well as for real-world applications, offering a degree of freedom not available with other approaches. It allows, for example, modifying the sampling instants to phase aberration correction, beamforming in layered structures, etc. The described modular and scalable prototype has been built using low-cost field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Experimental measurements are in good agreement with the theoretically expected errors.

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Real-time phased array imaging using digital beam forming and autonomous channel control

Cited by 51 publications

References 3 publications

Design of low-cost portable ultrasound systems: Review

Design of low-cost portable ultrasound systems: Review

Multielement synthetic transmit aperture imaging using temporal encoding

The progressive focusing correction technique for ultrasound beamforming

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