“…Which method to use is determined by the amount of data available in each case study (Beven, 2010). The physical‐based models that have been widely studied and applied in practice, such as MIKE‐NAM (by DHI, Denmark), The Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC‐HMS), and so on, have shown the feasibility of simulating and forecasting the rainfall–runoff scenario (Albo‐Salih et al, 2022; Chu & Steinman, 2009; Martin et al, 2012). However, these models often require a variety of data types (e.g., topographic, geomorphological, meteorological, and hydrological data) and in‐depth modeling expertise to establish relevant databases on the rainfall–runoff characteristics of each study basin.…”