Real-Time Observations of Food and Fluid Timing During a 120 km Ultramarathon

Wardenaar, Floris C.; Hoogervorst, Daan; Versteegen, Joline J.; Burg, Nancy van der; Lambrechtse, Karin J.; Bongers, Coen C. W. G.

doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00032

Cited by 25 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…It is likely that other factors are important for race performance, e. g. neuromuscular fatigue, prior experience, training history, pacing strategies, nutrition or individual pain threshold [9,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23], though these aspects were not investigated in the present study. It should also be mentioned that the drop-out rate during the long run was high, yet comparable to the literature [14,24]. The reason for the drop-out has been exhaustion and was not caused by injury or an inadequate fitness level (e. g., laboratory performance parameters did not differ between finishers and non-finishers).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Based on the results of a 65 km mountain ultra-marathon [4] and a 24 hour running simulation [8], a sample size of n = 11 and n = 8 participants for the short and the long run respectively, resulted in a power of > 80 % to detect a strong correlation. As we expected a small drop-out rate in the short run (n = 0-1, [6]) but a drop-out rate of approximately 45 % in the long run [14], we recruited n = 12 and n = 15 males for the short and the long run, respectively. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Determinants in Short (68 km) and Long (121 km) Mountain Ultra-Marathon Races

Gatterer

Rauch

Procter

et al. 2020

Sportverletz Sportschaden

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Background Standard performance parameters measured during a laboratory test have been shown to be related to mountain ultra-marathon performance up to a competition length of 75 km. It is not known if a similar relationship exists for longer races. Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between laboratory-based performance parameters and performance times in a short (68 km) and a long (121 km) mountain ultra-marathon. Materials and Methods Eleven male finishers of the short race and seven male finishers of the long race were investigated. Participants performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion in the 2 weeks prior to the event. During the event, the heart rate was monitored and finishing times were registered. Results The maximal oxygen consumption and the oxygen uptake at the ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 were related to performance time during the short run (~12h; r = –0.764 up to r = –0.782; p < 0.05), but there was no correlation during the long race (~28h; r = –0.107 to 0.357; p > 0.05). Conclusions This study shows that physical fitness parameters established in a laboratory setting determine competition completion times in ultra-mountain marathon events lasting for ~12 h. During longer races, i. e. ~28 h, other factors not established in the present investigation, such as experience, race strategy, coping with pain and fatigue resistance, may be important for performance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Determinants in Short (68 km) and Long (121 km) Mountain Ultra-Marathon Races

Gatterer

Rauch

Procter

et al. 2020

Sportverletz Sportschaden

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“…Observational studies have highlighted 1) high variability in intake among participants [23][24][25] and 2) a failure to respect recommendations; i.e. actual intake lower than that advised [23,26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the myriad of ultra-endurance races, the 24-h ultramarathon is distinguishable from others as athletes have to repeat a small loop multiple times (6 km for the Glenmore24 [19,23]) instead of following a one-way route [13,24,26,27]. From a logistical point of view, this implies that food and drink intake is facilitated, since athletes very frequently pass in front of the food supply tents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of food and fluid intake in elite ultra-endurance runners during a 24-h world championship

Lavoué

Siracusa

Chalchat

et al. 2020

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background: Properly replacing energy and fluids is a challenge for 24-h ultramarathoners because such unusually high intake may induce adverse effects (gastrointestinal symptoms [GIS] and exercise-associated hyponatremia [EAH]). We analyzed such intake for 12 twelve elite athletes (6 males and 6 females; age: 46 ± 7 years, height: 170 ± 9 cm, weight: 61.1 ± 9.6 kg, total distance run: 193-272 km) during the 2019 24-h World Championships and compared it to the latest nutritional recommendations described by the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2019. We hypothesized that these elite athletes would easily comply these recommendations without exhibiting detrimental adverse symptoms. Methods: Ad libitum food and fluid intake was recorded in real-time and energy, macronutrient, sodium, and caffeine intake then calculated using a spreadsheet in which the nutritional composition of each item was previously recorded. GIS, markers of dehydration (body mass modifications, plasma and urine osmolality, and plasma volume; samples obtained 26 h before and just after the race) and EAH (plasma and urine sodium concentrations) were also assessed. Results: Fluid, energy, and carbohydrate intake of the 11 finishers was 16.4 ± 6.9 L, 35.1 ± 15.7 MJ, and 1.49 ± 0.71 kg, respectively. Individual analyses showed that all but one (for fluid intake) or two (for energy and carbohydrate intake) consumed more than the minimum recommendations. The calculated energy balance remained, however, largely negative (− 29.5 ± 16.1 MJ). Such unusually high intake was not accompanied by detrimental GIS (recorded in 75%, but only transiently [3.0 ± 0.9 h]) or EAH (0%). The athletes were not dehydrated, shown by the absence of significant body mass loss (− 0.92 ± 2.13%) and modifications of plasma osmolality and an increase in plasma volume (+ 19.5 ± 15.8%). Performance (distance ran) positively correlated with energy intake (ρ = 0.674, p = 0.023) and negatively (ρ = − 0.776, p = 0.005) with fluid intake. Conclusions: Overall, almost all of these elite 24-h ultramarathoners surpassed the nutritional recommendations without encountering significant or the usual adverse effects.

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“…However, fluid overload is a dangerous practice during prolonged exercise, and it should be avoided [14]. The amount of consumed fluid can vary among individual runners to compensate body fluid loss [15]. Excessive fluid drinking has been reported to be one of the factors that could cause EAH [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia during the Olympus Marathon Ultra-Endurance Trail Run

et al. 2020

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Research on hyponatremia during mountain marathons is scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia during a 44-km trail running race that reached an altitude of 2780 m (Olympus Marathon). Sixty-two runners (five women) who completed the race participated in the study (age: 34.4 ± 8.6 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m; and weight: 75.3 ± 10.0 kg). Anthropometric characteristics, blood, and urine samples were collected pre- and post-race. Food and fluid intake were recorded at each checkpoint. Due to race regulations, the runners could not carry any additional food and fluids besides the ones provided at specific checkpoints. Five runners (8%) exhibited asymptomatic hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol∙L−1). Serum sodium in the hyponatremic runners decreased from 138.4 ± 0.9 (pre) to 131.4 ± 5.0 mmol∙L−1 (post), p < 0.05. Plasma osmolality increased only in the eunatremic runners (pre: 290 ± 3; post: 295 ± 6 mmol∙kg−1; p < 0.05). Plasma volume decreased more in the hyponatremic compared to eunatremic runners (−4.4 ± 2.0 vs. −3.2 ± 1.4%, p < 0.05). Lastly, dietary sodium intake was lower in the hyponatremic runners compared to eunatremic (789 ± 813 vs. 906 ± 672 mg; p < 0.05). The incidence of hyponatremia among the athletes was relatively low, possibly due to race conditions.

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Real-Time Observations of Food and Fluid Timing During a 120 km Ultramarathon

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Performance Determinants in Short (68 km) and Long (121 km) Mountain Ultra-Marathon Races

Performance Determinants in Short (68 km) and Long (121 km) Mountain Ultra-Marathon Races

Analysis of food and fluid intake in elite ultra-endurance runners during a 24-h world championship

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia during the Olympus Marathon Ultra-Endurance Trail Run

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