Real time monitoring of slow pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by different mass spectrometric techniques

Dhahak, Asma; Grimmer, Christoph; Neumann, Anika; Rüger, Christopher P.; Sklorz, Martin; Streibel, Thorsten; Zimmermann, Ralf; Mauviel, Guillain; Burklé-Vitzthum, Valérie

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.028

Cited by 67 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The pyrolysis residue in the case of polyole ns was negligible, unlike PET that showed a value of 7 wt.% residue [40]. Barbarias [20,[42][43][44]. Furthermore, other species could be released such as aldehydes, carboxylic acids (benzoic acid, acetyl benzoic acid, methyl benzoic acid and ethyl benzoic acid), esters (vinyl benzoate and its derivatives), ketones (benzophenone and acetophenone) and terephthalic acid and vinyl terephthalate [20,[45][46][47].…”

Section: The In-situ Gaseous Monitoring Of Pet Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barbarias [20,[42][43][44]. Furthermore, other species could be released such as aldehydes, carboxylic acids (benzoic acid, acetyl benzoic acid, methyl benzoic acid and ethyl benzoic acid), esters (vinyl benzoate and its derivatives), ketones (benzophenone and acetophenone) and terephthalic acid and vinyl terephthalate [20,[45][46][47]. The complexity of such reaction is due to the possibility of several side interactions between free radicals during the scission of the polymeric hydrocarbon chain such as intramolecular or intermolecular exchange and six-membered transition state reactions [27].…”

Section: The In-situ Gaseous Monitoring Of Pet Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PET (C 10 H 8 O 4 ) n ) is the most abundant thermoplastic due to its characteristics to exist in different forms such as a one-dimensional bre, 2D-lms and 3D-bottles and containers [18,19]. It is the third-most consumed polymer in Europe after PP and LDPE, and the most widely used plastic in the packaging industry [20][21][22]. The global consumption and demand for PET reached 60 Mt by 2011 and is increasing by 4.5% each year [23].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The global consumption and demand for PET reached 60 Mt by 2011 and is increasing by 4.5% each year [23]. It has been reported in the literature that PET plastic material has a similar energy content than that of soft coal, with a higher heating value of 46.2 MJ.kg -1 and ultimate elemental analysis of >45 wt.% carbon, 36 wt.% hydrogen and 18 wt.% oxygen [20,24,25]. Most of those PET and plastic waste materials, in general, are non-biodegradable and their end-of-life destination is land ll or incineration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This work aims at presenting for the rst time, the kinetic triplet (activation energy, pre-exponential constant and the rate of reaction) for the PET pyrolysis using the differential iso-conversional method. This is coupled with the in-situ online tracking of the gaseous emissions using mass spectrometry, as there are few and limited studies on oxygenated macromolecules such as PET in the literature [20,22]. The kinetic triplet can bene t in process modelling systems to help better understand the process at scale, as these values are not in uenced based on scale.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Osman

Farrell

Al-Muhtaseb

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Recycling the ever-increasing plastic waste has become an urgent global concern. One of the most convenient methods for plastic recycling is pyrolysis, owing to its environmentally friendly nature and its intrinsic properties. Understanding the pyrolysis process and the degradation mechanism is crucial for scale-up and reactor design. Therefore, we studied kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis process for one of the most common plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The focus was to better understand and predict PET pyrolysis when transitioning to a low carbon economy and adhering to environmental and governmental legislation. This work aims at presenting for the first time, the kinetic triplet (activation energy, pre-exponential constant and reaction rate) for the PET pyrolysis using the differential iso-conversional method. This is coupled with the in-situ online tracking of the gaseous emissions using mass spectrometry.Results: The differential iso-conversional method showed activation energy (Ea) values of 165-195 kJ.mol-1, R2 = 0.99659. While the ASTM-E698 showed 165.6 kJ.mol-1 and integral methods such as Flynn-Wall and Ozawa (FWO) (166-180 kJ.mol-1). The in-situ Mass Spectrometry results showed the pyrolysis gaseous emissions which are C1-hydrocarbon and H-O-C=O along with C2 hydrocarbons, C5- C6 hydrocarbons, acetaldehyde, the fragment of O-CH=CH2, hydrogen and water. Conclusions: From the obtained results herein, thermal predictions (isothermal, non-isothermal and step-based heating) were determined based on the kinetic parameters and can be used at numerous scales with a high level of accuracy compared with the literature.

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Section: The In-situ Gaseous Monitoring Of Pet Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The In-situ Gaseous Monitoring Of Pet Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Osman

Farrell

Al-Muhtaseb

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Pyrolysis analysis of polyethylene terephthalate: effects of carrier gases (N₂, He, and Ar) and zeolite catalyst (A₄) on yield

Atashi

Ataei

2022

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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Polyethylene terephthalate, the main material used for beverage bottle packaging, accounts for an average of 7.6% of all plastic waste in Europe. This material is not biodegradable and takes several centuries to decompose. The pyrolysis process in the presence of a catalyst and carrier gases can convert PET waste into solid, liquid, and gaseous materials that can be utilized as fuel. This study evaluated the effects of different carrier gases on the pyrolysis of PET waste in the presence and absence of a zeolite catalyst (A4). The results showed that the catalyst affected the pyrolysis yield; it increased the liquid and gaseous products, as well as the benzoic acid content. However, the effect declined when replacing the carrier gas with a larger molecular weight carrier gas. The alcohol content of the char was larger than that of the wax. The maximum alcohol content was detected under He, implying the direct impact of the carrier on the pyrolysis products. The hydrocarbons identified in the char were affected by changing the carrier gas, and a different distribution of hydrocarbon groups was found by converting the aromatic group into aliphatic compounds. Broadly speaking, in the presence of helium gas and the catalyst, the lowest amount of coke and the lightest compounds were observed. The amount of coke in the presence of nitrogen gas was the same as that of helium gas, but it had heavier compounds. Meanwhile in the presence of argon gas, which has a high molecular mass, more coke and heavier compounds were obtained. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

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Pyrometallurgy-Based Research Conducted at Mintek Towards Decarbonising the Metals Industry

Steenkamp

Bezuidenhout

Thobadi

et al. 2022

The Minerals, Metals &Amp; Materials Series

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Real time monitoring of slow pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by different mass spectrometric techniques

Cited by 67 publications

References 69 publications

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Pyrolysis analysis of polyethylene terephthalate: effects of carrier gases (N₂, He, and Ar) and zeolite catalyst (A₄) on yield

Pyrometallurgy-Based Research Conducted at Mintek Towards Decarbonising the Metals Industry

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Real time monitoring of slow pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by different mass spectrometric techniques

Cited by 67 publications

References 69 publications

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Pyrolysis kinetic modelling of abundant plastic waste (PET) and in-situ emissions monitoring

Pyrolysis analysis of polyethylene terephthalate: effects of carrier gases (N2, He, and Ar) and zeolite catalyst (A4) on yield

Pyrometallurgy-Based Research Conducted at Mintek Towards Decarbonising the Metals Industry

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Pyrolysis analysis of polyethylene terephthalate: effects of carrier gases (N₂, He, and Ar) and zeolite catalyst (A₄) on yield