Real time monitoring of phosphine and insect mortality in different storage facilities

Agrafioti, Paraskevi; Sotiroudas, Vasilis; Kaloudis, Efstathios; Bantas, Sotiris; Athanassiou, Christos G.

doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101726

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…1000 ppm or higher, is likely to increase these dissimilarities. Such a scenario is realistic and can occur in specific fumigation scenarios, such as in containers 63 . Failures in estimating the sweet spot thresholds may lead to false characterization of a population as resistant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use

Lampiri

Agrafioti

Athanassiou

2021

Sci Rep

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Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in selected species was examined, as well as the appearance of the so called "sweet spot". The species that were tested were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with populations that had different levels of phosphine resistance. Evaluation was conducted by using the Phosphine Tolerance Test (PTT), with exposure of the adult stage for 15, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min at 3000 ppm. At the end of these intervals (separate bioassays for each time interval), the insects were transferred to Petri dishes, in which recovery was recorded at different time intervals (2 h, 1, 2 and 7 days). The majority of susceptible populations of all species were instantly immobilized even in the shortest exposure period (15 min), in contrast with resistant populations that were active even after 300 min. After exposure to phosphine, populations and exposure time affected mortality of susceptible populations, whereas resistant populations recovered regardless of species and exposure time. Additional bioassays at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 20, 30 and 40 h showed the presence of the "sweet spot", i.e., decrease of mortality with the increase of concentration. In fact, for most of the tested species, the "sweet spot" appeared in 1000 and 2000 ppm at a 5-h exposure time, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine. This observation is particularly important both in terms of the assessment of resistance and in the context of non-linear recovery at elevated concentrations, indicating the occurrence of strong hormetic reversals in phosphine efficacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use

Lampiri

Agrafioti

Athanassiou

2021

Sci Rep

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“…Deeper delivery of tableted or pelleted phosphide formulations into static grain mass is realized via their application through hollow tube spears ( Figure 2 (T6)); phosphide spear-applicators may be naked or covered with textile sleeves. The most effective and even distribution of phosphine in grain mass (e.g., silos, ships, flat-horizontal stores, containers) is achieved through pre-installed tubing or loops equipped with forced gas circulation using blowers/ventilators [ 142 ]. Partial treatment of stored grain, known as “spot fumigation” [ 52 ], may result in low efficacy [ 143 ].…”

Section: Gas and Vapor Insecticide Application Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be stressed here that there are a vast number of published studies on the various phosphine application technologies, the coverage of which is far beyond the scope of this review. For example, there was a recently published extensive paper [ 142 ] showing phosphine concentration dynamics using various application formulations and technologies (phosphine forced circulation) under diverse commodity storage or transport conditions (stores, ships, freight containers) in Greece.…”

Section: Gas and Vapor Insecticide Application Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from the abovementioned methods, many other application techniques and technologies are used for structural fumigation (mostly for flour mill treatment), chamber fumigation (normal/changed pressure and temperatures), and bagged commodity fumigation (stores, ships, freight container tents, bubbles, under sheets/tarpaulins ( Figure 2 U)). However, a detailed overview of these is beyond the scope of this work, though it is available in other original works, reviews, and monographs [ 40 , 46 , 52 , 59 , 142 , 162 ].…”

Section: Gas and Vapor Insecticide Application Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthetic and Natural Insecticides: Gas, Liquid, Gel and Solid Formulations for Stored-Product and Food-Industry Pest Control

Stejskal

Vendl

Aulický

et al. 2021

Insects

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The selective application of insecticides is one of the cornerstones of integrated pest management (IPM) and management strategies for pest resistance to insecticides. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional and new methods for the application of gas, liquid, gel, and solid physical insecticide formulations to control stored-product and food industry urban pests from the taxa Acarina, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Psocoptera, and Zygentoma. Various definitions and concepts historically and currently used for various pesticide application formulations and methods are also described. This review demonstrates that new technological advances have sparked renewed research interest in the optimization of conventional methods such as insecticide aerosols, sprays, fumigants, and inert gases. Insect growth regulators/disruptors (IGRs/IGDs) are increasingly employed in baits, aerosols, residual treatments, and as spray-residual protectants for long-term stored-grain protection. Insecticide-impregnated hypoxic multilayer bags have been proven to be one of the most promising low-cost and safe methods for hermetic grain storage in developing countries. Insecticide-impregnated netting and food baits were originally developed for the control of urban/medical pests and have been recognized as an innovative technology for the protection of stored commodities. New biodegradable acaricide gel coatings and nets have been suggested for the protection of ham meat. Tablets and satchels represent a new approach for the application of botanicals. Many emerging technologies can be found in the form of impregnated protective packaging (insect growth regulators/disruptors (IGRs/IGDs), natural repellents), pheromone-based attracticides, electrostatic dust or sprays, nanoparticles, edible artificial sweeteners, hydrogels, inert baits with synthetic attractants, biodegradable encapsulations of active ingredients, and cyanogenic protective grain coatings. Smart pest control technologies based on RNA-based gene silencing compounds incorporated into food baits stand at the forefront of current strategic research. Inert gases and dust (diatomaceous earth) are positive examples of alternatives to synthetic pesticide products, for which methods of application and their integration with other methods have been proposed and implemented in practice. Although many promising laboratory studies have been conducted on the biological activity of natural botanical insecticides, published studies demonstrating their effective industrial field usage in grain stores and food production facilities are scarce. This review shows that the current problems associated with the application of some natural botanical insecticides (e.g., sorption, stability, field efficacy, and smell) to some extent echo problems that were frequently encountered and addressed almost 100 years ago during the transition from ancient to modern classical chemical pest control methods.

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“…By using CFD, Agrafioti et al 28,29 modeled the distribution of phosphine gas inside grain silos and metal containers and validated this model in realworld scenarios. 30 Based on the earlier, modified atmospheres could be further evaluated towards this direction, as a method to control insect populations that are resistant to phosphine, a phenomenon that has already taken global dimensions. 31 Therefore, in order to provide data on the utilization of modified atmospheres at a commercial scale against stored product insect populations that are resistant to phosphine, we evaluated this method on different populations of two major stored-product beetle species, the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), for which there are no relative data available, and O. surinamensis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing low oxygen to mitigate resistance of stored product insects to phosphine

2022

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BACKGROUND Data are provided on the utilization of modified atmospheres, at a commercial scale, against stored product insect populations that are resistant to phosphine. The method is evaluated on different populations of two major stored‐product beetle species, Rhyzopertha dominica and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The trials were carried out in commercial facilities, in which nitrogen was introduced through an embedded nitrogen generator. Each chamber contained three or four pallets of either currants or herbs. A computational model was developed to evaluate the nitrogen concentration. RESULTS In most trials, 100% mortality was recorded for both beetle species and all populations, regardless of the temperature and exposure intervals tested. Control progeny production ranged between 20 and 45 adults per vial for R. dominica, and 29 and 27 adults per vial for O. surinamensis. Simulation results reveal that nitrogen can easily penetrate the currants, and its concentration is uniform (differences are below 1.5%) across the pallet. Additionally, the simulation model revealed that lower temperatures do not have an impact on the nitrogen concentration profiles. CONCLUSIONS The modified atmosphere applications evaluated here were proved to be effective for all populations, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine, and any survival could be attributed to the short exposure intervals. Modified atmosphere applications can be effective at a considerably short exposure interval, even at 2.5 days, which is an incontestable advantage for the use of this method against insects, at exposures comparable with those of commercial fumigations. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Real time monitoring of phosphine and insect mortality in different storage facilities

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use

Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use

Synthetic and Natural Insecticides: Gas, Liquid, Gel and Solid Formulations for Stored-Product and Food-Industry Pest Control

Utilizing low oxygen to mitigate resistance of stored product insects to phosphine

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