Proteins can misfold
and form either amorphous or organized aggregates
with different morphologies and features. Aggregates of amyloid nature
are pathological hallmarks in so-called protein conformational diseases,
including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Evidence prevails
that the transient early phases of the reaction determine the aggregate
morphology and toxicity. As a consequence, real-time monitoring of
protein aggregation is of utmost importance. Here, we employed time-resolved
neutron backscattering spectroscopy to follow center-of-mass self-diffusion
and nano- to picosecond internal dynamics of lysozyme during aggregation
into a specific β-sheet rich superstructure, called particulates,
formed at the isoelectric point of the protein. Particulate formation
is found to be a one-step process, and protein internal dynamics,
to remain unchanged during the entire aggregation process. The time-resolved
neutron backscattering spectroscopy approach developed here, in combination
with standard kinetics assays, provides a unifying framework in which
dynamics and conformational transitions can be related to the different
aggregation pathways.