Real–Time Measurement of Outdoor Tobacco Smoke Particles

Klepeis, Neil E.; Ott, Wayne R.; Switzer, Paul

doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.5.522

Cited by 147 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Given the widely acknowledged high toxicity and carcinogenic properties of tobacco smoke relative to air pollution (including its designation as a Class A carcinogen by the U.S. EPA, indicating that scientifi c evidence has demonstrated tobacco smoke to be a defi nitive cause of cancer in humans; U.S. EPA, 1992 ), it is very likely that TSP is more hazardous than typical air pollution. Evaluating the hazards of TSP with reference to a scale established for outdoor air pollution would underestimate the actual hazards of the levels of TSP observed in cars in the present study (see also Klepeis, Ott, & Switzer, 2007 ). In addition, gas-phase components of TSP were not captured by our PM 2.5 measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 41%

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

Sendzik¹,

Fong²,

Travers³

et al. 2009

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

101

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Introduction: Tobacco smoke pollution (TSP) has been identifi ed as a serious public health threat. Although the number of jurisdictions that prohibit smoking in public places has increased rapidly, just a few successful attempts have been made to pass similar laws prohibiting smoking in cars, where the cabin space may contribute to concentrated exposure. In particular, TSP constitutes a potentially serious health hazard to children because of prolonged exposure and their small size. Methods:The present study investigated the levels of TSP in 18 cars via the measurement of fi ne respirable particles (<2.5 microns in diameter or PM 2.5 ) under a variety of in vivo conditions. Car owners smoked a single cigarette in their cars in each of fi ve controlled air-sampling conditions. Each condition varied on movement of the car, presence of air conditioning, open windows, and combinations of these airfl ow infl uences. Results:Smoking just a single cigarette in a car generated extremely high average levels of PM 2.5 : more than 3,800 m g/m 3 in the condition with the least airfl ow (motionless car, windows closed). In moderate ventilation conditions (air conditioning or having the smoking driver hold the cigarette next to a half-open window), the average levels of PM 2.5 were reduced but still at signifi cantly high levels (air conditioning = 844 m g/m 3 ; holding cigarette next to a half-open window = 223 m g/m 3 ).Discussion: This study demonstrates that TSP in cars reaches unhealthy levels, even under realistic ventilation conditions, lending support to efforts occurring across a growing number of jurisdictions to educate people and prohibit smoking in cars in the presence of children. IntroductionTobacco smoke pollution (TSP; also known as environmental tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke, and passive smoke) is a complex mixture of contaminants released by the burning and exhalation of tobacco products in the form of various gases and particulate matter. TSP is responsible for the preventable morbidity and mortality of hundreds of thousands of nonsmokers worldwide ( ( Glantz & Parmley, 1995 ;Law, Morris, & Wald, 1997 ;Taylor, Johnson, & Kazemi, 1992 ). Recently, a review of the epidemiological evidence concluded that TSP was associated with a signifi cant increase in breast cancer among premenopausal women ( California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, 2005 ).Of great concern is the health hazard that TSP exposure poses to children who are still developing physically and biologically. Compared with adults, children breathe more rapidly, absorb more pollutants because of their small size, have less developed immune systems, and are more vulnerable to cellular mutations ( Bearer, 2005 ), making them more susceptible to the effects of TSP exposure. TSP is associated with a greater likelihood of asthma, triggering an asthma attack, and chronic lung diseases ( USDHHS, 1986 ), and it has been recognized as a cause of sudden infant death syndrome ( Anderson, & Cook, 1997 ; USDHHS, 1986 ). It has b...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 41%

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

Sendzik¹,

Fong²,

Travers³

et al. 2009

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

101

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“…Because of the specific properties of tobacco smoke, a calibration factor of 0.32 was applied to the data (Hyland et al, 2008;Klepeis, Ott, & Switzer, 2007).…”

Section: Measurement Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Contamination Due to Smoking in German Restaurants, Bars, and Other Venues--Before and After the Implementation of a Partial Smoking Ban

Gleich¹,

Mons²,

Pötschke-Langer³

2011

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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“…We did not measure the variability between smokers or between brands of cigarettes, but instead we used one smoker and a Marlboro Gold (formerly Marlboro Light) brand of cigarette, the most popular brand in the United States, with a 40% market share, and we used three to four nonsmokers close-by equipped with breathing-zone personal monitors. This methodology expanded upon the approach of Klepeis et al (2007) in which a cooperating smoker smokes a cigarette in the outdoor location under study. Their study used a single real-time AM510 SidePak monitor (TSI, Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA) to measure PM 2.5 concentrations at fixed points at various distances from the smoker at outdoor patio cafes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Repace (2005) conducted experiments outdoors in a circle of up to 10 smokers on the University of Maryland campus and estimated that particle concentrations were inversely related to distance from the smokers over distances from 1.5 to 5 m. Klepeis et al (2007) measured concentrations of fine particles or PM 2.5 -particles smaller than 2.5 mm-on 15 visits to 10 outdoor locations, including parks, sandwich shops, and the patios of restaurants and pubs in California. At an outdoor restaurant patio, the mean PM 2.5 concentrations measured 0.5 m from an active smoker sometimes exceeded 200 mg/m 3 during the cigarette smoking period, and transient concentrations occasionally exceeded 1000 mg/m 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor fine and ultrafine particle measurements at six bus stops with smoking on two California arterial highways—Results of a pilot study

Ott

Acevedo-Bolton

Cheng

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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As indoor smoking bans have become widely adopted, some U.S. communities are considering restricting smoking outdoors, creating a need for measurements of air pollution near smokers outdoors. Personal exposure experiments were conducted with four to five participants at six sidewalk bus stops located 1.5-3.3 m from the curb of two heavily traveled California arterial highways with 3300-5100 vehicles per hour. At each bus stop, a smoker in the group smoked a cigarette. Gravimetrically calibrated continuous monitors were used to measure fine particle concentrations (aerodynamic diameter 2.5 µm; PM 2.5 ) in the breathing zones (within 0.2 m from the nose and mouth) of each participant. At each bus stop, ultrafine particles (UFP), wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and traffic counts were also measured. For 13 cigarette experiments, the mean PM 2.5 personal exposure of the nonsmoker seated 0.5 m from the smoker during a 5-min cigarette ranged from 15 to 153 µg/m 3 . Of four persons seated on the bench, the smoker received the highest PM 2.5 breathing-zone exposure of 192 µg/m 3 . There was a strong proximity effect: nonsmokers at distances 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m from the smoker received mean PM 2.5 personal exposures of 59, 40, and 28 µg/m 3 , respectively, compared with a background level of 1.7 µg/m 3 . Like the PM 2.5 concentrations, UFP concentrations measured 0.5 m from the smoker increased abruptly when a cigarette started and decreased when the cigarette ended, averaging 44,500 particles/cm 3 compared with the background level of 7200 particles/cm 3 . During nonsmoking periods, the UFP background concentrations showed occasional peaks due to traffic, whereas PM 2.5 background concentrations were extremely low. The results indicate that a single cigarette smoked outdoors at a bus stop can cause PM 2.5 and UFP concentrations near the smoker that are 16-35 and 6.2 times, respectively, higher than the background concentrations due to cars and trucks on an adjacent arterial highway.Implications: Rules banning smoking indoors have been widely adopted in the United States and in many countries. Some communities are considering smoking bans that would apply to outdoor locations. Although many measurements are available of pollutant concentrations from secondhand smoke at indoor locations, few measurements are available of exposure to secondhand smoke outdoors. This study provides new data on exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke near a smoker outdoors. The levels are compared with the exposure measured next to a highway. The findings are important for policies that might be developed for reducing exposure to secondhand smoke outdoors. IntroductionWith widespread adoption of indoor smoking bans, there has been considerable interest by local communities in restricting smoking outdoors. However, few data exist on air pollutant concentrations near a smoker outdoors to support these policies, and there are no published data comparing secondhand smoke exposure at sidewalk bus stops with the l...

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Real–Time Measurement of Outdoor Tobacco Smoke Particles

Cited by 147 publications

References 21 publications

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars

Air Contamination Due to Smoking in German Restaurants, Bars, and Other Venues--Before and After the Implementation of a Partial Smoking Ban

Outdoor fine and ultrafine particle measurements at six bus stops with smoking on two California arterial highways—Results of a pilot study

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