Real-time frequency regulation using aggregated electric vehicles in smart grid

Islam, Md. Monirul; Zhong, Xiao; Sun, Zeyi; Xiong, Haoyi; Hu, Wenqing

doi:10.1016/j.cie.2019.05.025

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Therefore, the objective of the model is minimizing the FR cost caused by BESS, and the optimization variable is the DOD. The objective function is illustrated in (24). The solution method is the traversing method.…”

Section: Throughput Conversion Times and Bess Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, recent studies further analyze the control strategy of hybrid energy storage and electric vehicles (EVs) participating in FR by BESS with an SOC recovery strategy [20] - [22]. Some studies propose using supercapacitors or EVs with BESSs to participate in FR through a coordinated control strategy [23], [24]. The above strategies have improved the FR effect.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fuzzy Hierarchical Strategy for Improving Frequency Regulation of Battery Energy Storage System

Wang

Qiao

Xie

et al. 2021

Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

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Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can provide instantaneous support for frequency regulation (FR) because of their fast response characteristics. However, purely pursuing a better FR effect calls for continually rapid cycles of BESSs, which shortens their lifetime and deteriorates the operational economy. To coordinate the lifespan savings and the FR effect, this paper presents a control strategy for the FR of BESSs based on fuzzy logic and hierarchical controllers. The fuzzy logic controller improves the effect of FR by adjusting the charging/discharging power of the BESS with a higher response speed and precision based on the area control error (ACE) signal and the change rate of ACE in a non-linear way. Hierarchical controllers effectively reduce the life loss by optimizing the depth of discharge, which ensures that the state of charge (SOC) of BESS is always in the optimal operating range, and the total FR cost is the lowest at this time. The proposed method can achieve the optimal balance between ACE reduction and operational economy of BESS. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified in a two-area power system. Index Terms--Battery energy storage system (BESS), frequency regulation (FR), coordinated control strategy, optimal depth of discharge, charging/discharging threshold. NOMENCLATURE A. Variables Custom parameters Capacity conversion coefficient Penalty coefficientCharging and discharging efficiencies of battery energy storage system (BESS)

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Section: Throughput Conversion Times and Bess Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fuzzy Hierarchical Strategy for Improving Frequency Regulation of Battery Energy Storage System

Wang

Qiao

Xie

et al. 2021

Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous research has also demonstrated that "using vehicle-to-grid-based storage increases the efficiency of renewable energy utilization" [30]. V2G technology also provides additional benefits for the power system such as frequency regulation services [31][32][33].…”

Section: Electric Vehicles (Evs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System

Dranka

Ferreira

2020

Energies

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Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future may require a set of transformations in the global energy sector. Although several studies have recognized the importance of Electric Vehicles (EVs) for power systems, no large-scale studies have been performed to assess the impact of this technology in energy systems combining a diverse set of renewable energies for electricity production and biofuels in the transportation sector such as the case of Brazil. This research makes several noteworthy contributions to the current literature, including not only the evaluation of the main impacts of EVs’ penetration in a renewable electricity system but also a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) that estimates the overall level of CO2 emissions resulted from the EVs integration. Findings of this study indicated a clear positive effect of increasing the share of EVs on reducing the overall level of CO2 emissions. This is, however, highly dependent on the share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the power system and the use of biofuels in the transport sector but also on the credits resulting from the battery recycling materials credit and battery reuse credit. Our conclusions underline the importance of such studies in providing support for the governmental discussions regarding potential synergies in the use of bioresources between transport and electricity sectors.

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“…In order to reduce the weight of the drone itself, drones carry only the minimum number of batteries, and batteries must be discharged at a very high rate so that the drone can land safely in the case of an emergency such as a cable fault or high wind. Moreover, lithium-ion batteries may also be charged/discharged at a high rate to provide frequency regulation for request signals from the grid [4]. As these applications become more common, it becomes increasingly important to estimate the capacity fade of lithium-ion batteries when they are discharged at a high rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the State of Health of Lithium-Ion Batteries with a High Discharge Rate through Impedance

Jiang

Song

2021

Energies

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Lithium-ion batteries are an attractive power source in many scenarios. In some particular cases, including providing backup power for drones, frequency modulation, and powering electric tools, lithium-ion batteries are required to discharge at a high rate (2~20 C). In this work, we present a method to estimate the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries with a high discharge rate using the battery’s impedance at three characteristic frequencies. Firstly, a battery model is used to fit the impedance spectrum of twelve LiFePO4 batteries. Secondly, a basic estimation model is built to estimate the SOH of the batteries via the parameters of the battery model. The model is trained using the data of six batteries and is tested on another six. The RMS of relative error of the model is lower than 4.2% at 10 C and lower than 2.8% at 15 C, even when the low-frequency feature of the impedance spectrum is ignored. Thirdly, we adapt the basic model so that the SOH estimation can be performed only using the battery’s impedance at three characteristic frequencies without having to measure the entire impedance spectrum. The RMS of relative error of this adapted model at 10 C and 15 C is 3.11% and 4.25%, respectively.

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Real-time frequency regulation using aggregated electric vehicles in smart grid

Cited by 37 publications

References 40 publications

A Fuzzy Hierarchical Strategy for Improving Frequency Regulation of Battery Energy Storage System

A Fuzzy Hierarchical Strategy for Improving Frequency Regulation of Battery Energy Storage System

Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System

Estimating the State of Health of Lithium-Ion Batteries with a High Discharge Rate through Impedance

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