Real-Time Dynamics of Single Vortex Lines and Vortex Dipoles in a Bose-Einstein Condensate

Freilich, Daniel; Bianchi, Dylan; Kaufman, Adam M.; Langin, Thomas; Hall, D. S.

doi:10.1126/science.1191224

Cited by 259 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…The latter, in particular, opens up an interesting way to study the snake instability in twocomponent condensates, in the same manner as it is currently being the case of DS decay in scalar condensates [45,46]. Besides, the decay of JVs in SO coupled condensates provides an excellent playground to investigate the rich dynamics of vortex dipoles as has been previously done in scalar BECs [47,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Multidimensional Josephson vortices in spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Snake instability and decay through vortex dipoles

et al. 2016

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We analyze the dynamics of Josephson vortex states in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates with Rashba-Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling by using the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. In 1D, both in homogeneous and harmonically trapped systems, we report on stationary states containing doubly charged, static Josephson vortices. In multidimensional systems, we find stable Josephson vortices in a regime of parameters typical of current experiments with 87 Rb atoms. In addition, we discuss the instability regime of Josephson vortices in disk-shaped condensates, where the snake instability operates and vortex dipoles emerge. We study the rich dynamics that they exhibit in different regimes of the spin-orbit coupled condensate depending on the orientation of the Josephson vortices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Multidimensional Josephson vortices in spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Snake instability and decay through vortex dipoles

et al. 2016

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“…Vortex-antivortex pairs play essential roles in 2D superfluid phenomena such as the BerezinskiiKosterlitz-Thouless transition [1,2], phase transition dynamics [3], and superfluid turbulence [4,5]. Recently, controlled experimental studies of vortex dipole dynamics have been enabled in atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) systems [6,7] and thermal activation of vortex pairs has been observed in quasi-2D Bose gases [8,9]. However, the annihilation of a vortex-antivortex pair has not been clearly observed yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxation of superfluid turbulence in highly oblate Bose-Einstein condensates

et al. 2014

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We investigate thermal relaxation of superfluid turbulence in a highly oblate Bose-Einstein condensate. We generate turbulent flow in the condensate by sweeping the center region of the condensate with a repulsive optical potential. The turbulent condensate shows a spatially disordered distribution of quantized vortices and the vortex number of the condensate exhibits nonexponential decay behavior which we attribute to the vortex pair annihilation. The vortex-antivortex collisions in the condensate are identified with crescent-shaped, coalesced vortex cores. We observe that the nonexponential decay of the vortex number is quantitatively well described by a rate equation consisting of one-body and two-body decay terms. In our measurement, we find that the local two-body decay rate is closely proportional to T 2 /µ, where T is the temperature and µ is the chemical potential.

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“…Vortex lattices [10][11][12][13][14][15] and collections of vortex dipoles [16], as well as multiply-charged [17] and multicomponent [18][19][20] vortices can be created, and their two dimensional (2D) column distributions can even be imaged in real-time [21]. With regards to quantum turbulence, a landmark experiment recently generated a small tangle of vortices in a trapped weakly-interacting BEC through the combination of rotation and an external oscillating perturbation [22][23][24].…”

Section: Fig 1: Tangle Of Few Interacting Vortices (Left) Exhibitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotropic vortex tangles in trapped atomic Bose-Einstein condensates via laser stirring

et al. 2014

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The generation of isotropic vortex configurations in trapped atomic Bose-Einstein condensates offers a platform to elucidate quantum turbulence on mesoscopic scales. We demonstrate that a laser-induced obstacle moving in a figure-eight path within the condensate provides a simple and effective means to generate an isotropic three-dimensional vortex tangle due to its minimal net transfer of angular momentum to the condensate. Our characterisation of vortex structures and their isotropy is based on projected vortex lengths and velocity statistics obtained numerically via the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Our methodology provides a possible experimental route for generating and characterising vortex tangles and quantum turbulence in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. Vortices in ordinary (classical) fluids, as well as quantum fluids, characterise turbulent flow [1,2]. Turbulence in classical fluids has been intensely studied in many branches of physics and engineering over a prolonged period. Characterising turbulence and understanding its dynamics is one of the key goals of these fields. Homogeneous, isotropic turbulence is the benchmark to understand vortex dynamics away from boundaries. Quantum fluids, such as superfluid He and atomic BoseEinstein condensates (BECs), where the circulation is quantized and viscosity is absent, open up the possibility of a context in which to study turbulence which is simpler than in ordinary fluids. Large vortex tangles have been created experimentally in superfluid He for this purpose. The investigation of the properties of such systems has revealed, for certain parameter regimes, the emergence of classical-like behaviour (such as the Kolmogorov scaling [3-5] of the energy spectrum for homogeneous isotropic turbulence) from the dynamics of elementary quantum vortices.Usually terms like "turbulence" and "vortex tangles" refer to disordered fluid systems containing vortices and eddies in which a huge range of lengthscales and timescales are excited; scaling laws therefore can be identified. Unlike ordinary fluids and superfluid helium, atomic BECs are relatively small, in the sense that there is not a large separation of lengthscales between the vortex core size, the average intervortex separation and the system size [6]. An important question which should be addressed in this context, is whether a relatively small vortex configuration exhibits turbulent properties, or it is simply chaotic. A first step in addressing this question is to demonstrate a technique for generating a few interacting vortices (see Fig. 1 (left)) that give isotropic flow statistics (see Fig. 1 (right)), which is the main result of this paper. * Electronic address: carlo.barenghi@ncl.ac.uk FIG. 1: Tangle of few interacting vortices (left) exhibiting isotropic non-Gaussian flow statistics (right). Left: Density isosurface generated by stirring a spherically symmetric condensate along one plane in a figure-eight path (at time t ≈ tstir = 17.1ω −1 when the stirrer has just been removed after approximately two osci...

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Real-Time Dynamics of Single Vortex Lines and Vortex Dipoles in a Bose-Einstein Condensate

Cited by 259 publications

References 30 publications

Multidimensional Josephson vortices in spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Snake instability and decay through vortex dipoles

Multidimensional Josephson vortices in spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Snake instability and decay through vortex dipoles

Relaxation of superfluid turbulence in highly oblate Bose-Einstein condensates

Isotropic vortex tangles in trapped atomic Bose-Einstein condensates via laser stirring

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