Real-time dynamic holographic display realized by bismuth and magnesium co-doped lithium niobate

Abstract

Particular attention has been given to updatable or dynamic holographic displays in recent years. The absence of ideal recording materials hampered the realization of their commercial applications. A lithium niobate crystal codoped with 1.0 mol. % bismuth and 6.0 mol. % magnesium has been grown with a diameter of 2-in. A moderately large saturation diffraction efficiency of 26% can be achieved, which corresponds to a refractive index change of 2.45 × 10−5. However, the photorefractive response time turns out to be only 13 ms, and the photorefractive sensitivity reaches 1.63 × 102 cm/J. This is by a factor of 104 larger than the one of congruent lithium niobate. The codoped crystal was used to demonstrate a real-time holographic display with a refresh rate of 30 Hz, which is a significant step forward for inorganic crystals in holographic display applications. Band structure calculations indicate that the dopants influence the charge distribution of the oxygen atoms which may be the clue to the origin of their excellent properties.

Enhancement of Photorefraction in Vanadium-Doped Lithium Niobate through Iron and Zirconium Co-Doping

“…The response time for LN6 (LN:V,Zr 4.0 ) is 1.1 s and 2.0 s at 488 nm and 532 nm, respectively. It is not as short as mono vanadium-doped LN (LN8), but it is still two orders shorter than CLN and LN:Fe and is one order shorter compared to LN:Mg,Fe, and is also a fraction shorter than LN7 at 532 nm and 488 nm, respectively [23,24,25,26,28]. The LN7 (LN:V,Fe) crystal enjoys higher diffraction efficiency at 532 nm and 488 nm compared to LN1-LN6, LN8, CLN, LN:Zr,Fe, and LN:Mg,Fe.…”

“…To realize a nonvolatile readout, several methods have been developed so far, i.e., thermal fixing, electrical fixing, and two-step recording [14,22]. Though, up to now, there is good improvement in the response speed of the various doped LN crystals [23,24,25,26], much research is needed to get a practical fast responsive material with a high diffraction efficiency. Recently it was found that vanadium doping in LN elicited shortening of the response time [18,19,26,27].…”

“…Recently it was found that vanadium doping in LN elicited shortening of the response time [18,19,26,27]. Moreover, the optical damage resistance (ODR) ions, i.e., Mg, Zr, In, etc., in co-doping with PR-ions, i.e., Fe, Mo, Bi, V, etc., can also help minimize the unwanted slow intrinsic defect traps, by improving response speed [23,24,25,26,28].…”

Review of Organic Photorefractive Materials and Their Use for Updateable 3D Display

“…The problem at the time was the small size of the crystals (about , which limited the extent of the image that could be displayed. It has to be noted that there are still some efforts in that direction by growing larger crystals (up to ) of bismuth and magnesium co-doped lithium niobate [ 83 ].…”

Linear Tuning of Phase-Matching Temperature in LiNbO3:Zr Crystals by MgO Co-Doping

“…Here, there are two reasons why we select Zr 4+ and Mg 2+ ions as double-doping candidates in LN. First, Mg 2+ is widely used as a primary additive co-doping with other dopants in LN to precisely regulate optical properties and defect structures, such as LN:Mg,Bi [15] and LN:Mg,Zn [16]. These reports provided us with ideas to lower the phase-matching temperature while maintaining the optical damage resistance in LN.…”