Real-Time Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems to Provide Ancillary Services Considering Voltage-Dependent Capability of DC-AC Converters

Fast hierarchical coordinated controller for distributed battery energy storage systems to mitigate voltage and frequency deviations

“…Thus, the TSO can prioritise the use of 𝑆 max 𝑖 or 𝑆𝑂𝐶 𝑖 through the proper choice of the weighting factor 𝛼 𝑖 (0 ≤ 𝛼 𝑖 ≤ 1), depending on the chemistry of the batteries and the operative limits of the power converter. The magnitude of active power to be injected for each BESS is determined according to (1).…”

“…14(c) and 14(d). The magnitude of the power injection in each BESS depends on its apparent power capacity, the initial SOC of its batteries and the requested power quantity by the optimal controller, according to (1). When the frequency and voltage return within the limits set by DB 𝑓 and DB 𝑉 , the power injected by all the BESSs begins to ramp down and the steady state is reached in less than 1.5s.…”

“…Dynamics in traditional power systems are primarily dominated by the actions of synchronous generators (SGs) [1,2]. However, the increasing spread of distributed energy resources (DERs), renewable energy systems and the connection of nonlinear loads with fast timeconstants triggers undesired dynamics that droop control and automatic generation control (AGC) systems are unable to handle, impacting the stability and reliability of modern power grids [3][4][5][6].…”

“…In [1], a real-time controller that formulates the power command sets as an optimisation problem is experimentally validated, this considers the converter capacity and BESS safety constraints to provide ancillary services towards power grids. In [13,14], closed-loop control systems are proposed leveraging the BESSs to enhance the inertia of the power system even under conditions of high penetration of photovoltaic plants.…”

Bidding a Battery on Electricity Markets and Minimizing Battery Aging Costs: A Reinforcement Learning Approach

“…Reserve markets have different names and specifications in different parts of the world. In the literature, some commonly used names for these markets are frequency reserves [6], frequency regulation [7], ancillary services [8] and spinning reserves [9]. The third category is local markets such as peer-to-peer trading [10] and the recently emerging nodal markets, in which prices vary according to the geographic location of the energy producing or consuming units, which gives the market tools to avoid congestion in the power grid [11,12].…”