“…RO membrane fouling and the efficacy of cleaning are strongly affected by fouling-layer viscoelastic properties. ,, Accordingly, we attempted to determine whether fouling layer rigidity differed among the different fractions that accumulate on the RO active layer on the QCM-D sensor. The rigidity of the fouling layer is characterized by the slope (ratio) of the relationship between dissipation shift, Δ D , and frequency shift, Δ f , acquired during adsorption of the foulant to the surface. ,,, A low Δ D /Δ F ratio indicates the formation of a dense, compact, and rigid layer, whereas a higher value indicates a fluidic, dissipative layer Figure shows the Δ D /Δ F ratios acquired at the end of the adsorption stage, when a stable fouling layer had formed on the QCM-D sensor (Figure c).…”