“…Moreover, as we saw above, it is accepted by Rosen () and Audi ()—and presumably many other philosophers who claim that grounding has a rather strong modal force (and is therefore apt to back certain strong supervenience relations) would agree . Yet, in more recent work, Rosen () expresses scepticism regarding Weak Formality:Weak Formality is not self‐evident. It amounts to the claim that when Ga grounds Fa in some particular case, the capacity of the first fact to ground the second derives entirely from the distinctive powers of the predicable G, and not from the combination of G and a together.…”
Section: Kind‐dependent Groundingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Cf. Rosen (, p. 199): Weak Formality ‘tells us that if some possible thing is green in virtue of having a certain spectral reflectance profile, then as a matter of necessity, anything with that profile is green in virtue of possessing it’. …”
“…Moreover, as we saw above, it is accepted by Rosen () and Audi ()—and presumably many other philosophers who claim that grounding has a rather strong modal force (and is therefore apt to back certain strong supervenience relations) would agree . Yet, in more recent work, Rosen () expresses scepticism regarding Weak Formality:Weak Formality is not self‐evident. It amounts to the claim that when Ga grounds Fa in some particular case, the capacity of the first fact to ground the second derives entirely from the distinctive powers of the predicable G, and not from the combination of G and a together.…”
Section: Kind‐dependent Groundingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Cf. Rosen (, p. 199): Weak Formality ‘tells us that if some possible thing is green in virtue of having a certain spectral reflectance profile, then as a matter of necessity, anything with that profile is green in virtue of possessing it’. …”
“…After all, if every property has a real definition, then some definitional chains will be either infinite or circular. Gideon Rosen () addresses this second difficulty with a double‐barreled approach to property identity, according to which something like (RC) individuates all definable properties, while the necessary coextension criterion suffices for the indefinable properties.…”
The question of how properties are individuated is extremely important. Consider the following proposals. To be in pain is to be in a certain neurological state. To be red is to appear red to normal observers in standard conditions. To be obligatory is to maximize the good. Each makes a claim of property identity. Each is a substantive metaphysical thesis of wide interest. None can be studied with due scrutiny in the absence of a general account of property identity. Here, I will survey existing accounts and suggest a new account in terms of grounding that has some advantages over the other candidates.
“…Various definitions for 'citizen journalism' could be found in the literature (e.g. Robinson, 2006;Nip, 2006;Rosen, 2008, Thurman, 2008, Goode, 2009Robinson and DeShano, 2011;Örne-bring, 2013). For the purpose of this study we consider a citizen journalist as an ordinary citizen who provides eyewitness commentary on a current event, either intentionally or accidentally.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this situation, there is evidently a need for solutions that can help source, filter and verify social media content for media organisations that are now competing with the continuous flow of free content available 24/7 on the web, while budgets are tight and deadlines are tighter. Social Semantic Journalism also aims to address the chief obstacle facing news organisations, the vetting process, since the current manual process of checking through usergenerated content is considered to be overwhelming and inadequate (Rosen, 2008).…”
In the event of breaking news, a wealth of crowd-sourced data, in the form of text, video and image, becomes available on the Social Web. In order to incorporate this data into a news story, the journalist must process, compile and verify content within a very short timespan. Currently this is done manually and is a time-consuming and labour-intensive process for media organisations. This paper proposes Social Semantic Journalism as a solution to help those journalists and editors. Semantic metadata, natural language processing (NLP) and other technologies will provide the framework for Social Semantic Journalism to help journalists navigate the overwhelming amount of UGC for detecting known and unknown news events, verifying information and its sources, identifying eyewitnesses and contextualising the event and news coverage journalists will be able to bring their professional expertise to this increasingly overwhelming information environment. This paper describes a framework of technologies that can be employed by journalists and editors to realise Social Semantic Journalism.
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