“…Lax parenting is associated with constrained ToM development (Guajardo, Snyder, & Petersen, 2009), whereas warm/sensitive/responsive parenting (Massoff, 2008;Yan-Yan & Biao, 2006) and parenting that encourages children to take the perspective of others (Ruffman, Perner, & Parkin, 1999) facilitate ToM development. Parenting styles have also been found to be related to children's prosocial behaviour (Hastings, McShane, Parker, & Ladha, 2007), with maternal warmth, responsiveness and inductive discipline being associated with higher levels of child prosocial behaviour (Clark & Ladd, 2000;Knafo & Plomin, 2006;Krevans & Gibbs, 1996;McGrath et al, 2003) and punitive parenting practices being associated with lower levels of child prosocial behaviour (Romano, Tremblay, Boulerice, & Swisher, 2005). The findings of longitudinal genetic analyses with twins indicate that empathy and prosocial behaviour increase between the ages of 14 and 36 months (Knafo, Zahn-Waxler, Van Hulle, Robinson, & Rhee, 2008), and that there is a relationship between child empathy (cognitive and emotional) and prosocial behaviour (Knafo et al, 2008).…”