Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality: Prospective Analysis of 367,442 Individuals

Abstract

Background Intakes of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) have been inversely associated with risk factors of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers; however, their relations with total and cause-specific mortality remain unclear. Objective To prospectively assess the associations of RTEC intakes with all causes and disease-specific mortality risk. Design The study included 367,442 participants from the prospective National Institutes of Health (NIH)–AARP Diet and Health Study. Intakes of RTEC were assessed at baseline. Results Over an average of 14 years of follow-up, 46,067 deaths were documented. Consumption of RTEC was significantly associated with reduced risk of mortality from all-cause mortality and death from CVD, diabetes, all cancer, and digestive cancer (all p for trend < 0.05). In multivariate models, compared to nonconsumers of RTEC, those in the highest intake of RTEC had a 15% lower risk of all-cause mortality and 10%–30% lower risk of disease-specific mortality. Within RTEC consumers, total fiber intakes were associated with reduced risk of mortality from all-cause mortality and deaths from CVD, all cancer, digestive cancer, and respiratory disease (all p for trend < 0.005). Conclusions Consumption of RTEC was associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from specific diseases such as CVD, diabetes, and cancer. This association may be mediated via greater fiber intake.

Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies

“…There was an inverse association between intake of whole grain bread 9 29 36 52 and total cancer, and there were weak inverse associations between intake of refined grains, 4 20 and total grains 74 75 and total cancer in the dose-response analysis, but no association was observed between brown rice, 92 white rice, 92 total breakfast cereals, 36 71 and total rice 73 92 and total cancer (figs S73-S86 in appendix 2, table 2 ).…”

“…We included 45 cohort studies (64 publications) 4 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 35 36 41 38 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 in the analyses of grain intake and coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all cause mortality and other causes of mortality (table S3-S12 in appendix 1, fig 1 ). Twenty studies were from Europe, 16 were from the US, and nine were from Asia.…”

“…Intake of whole grain bread, 9 29 36 52 62 whole grain breakfast cereals, 9 53 total breakfast cereals, 36 53 71 and bran, 20 54 but not germ, 20 refined grains, 4 20 35 63 total rice, 41 56 59 or total grains, 61 62 70 were inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (figs S57-S72 in appendix 2, table 2 ).…”

“…Intakes of whole grain bread, 9 29 52 62 90 whole grain breakfast cereals, 9 53 87 pasta, 38 80 total bread, 38 76 77 and total breakfast cereals, 53 71 38 were inversely associated with all cause mortality, and, in addition, total grain consumption 61 62 63 65 66 76 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 91 was inversely associated with mortality in the high versus low analysis, but not in the dose-response analysis, while refined grain intake was weakly inversely associated with mortality in the dose-response analysis, but not in the high versus low analysis 4 16 20 63 (table 2 ). There was no association between intake of oats or oatmeal 9 86 90 and mortality (figs S87-S102 in appendix 2, table 2 ).…”

Association between Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption and Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Diet Quality in Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016

“…However, presence of self-reported diabetes and hypertension did not differ by RTE cereal consumption status in this study. Previous studies have shown that whole grains and cereal fibers have been associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and total and cause-specific mortality [41][42][43][44]. A recent systematic review concluded that consumption of RTE cereal, especially of fiber-rich or whole grain RTE cereal, may have beneficial effects on hypertension and type 2 diabetes [32].…”