Reading Skills in Children and Adults With Albinism: The Role of Visual Impairment

MacDonald, John T.; Kutzbach, Beth R.; Holleschau, Ann M.; Wyckoff, Suzanne; Summers, C. Gail

doi:10.3928/01913913-20111101-03

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In this study, children and adults with albinism scored higher on comprehension than fluency on reading tests, reflecting reduced reading speed because of vision impairment rather than reading skill. 23 This is consistent with previous findings that those with vision impairment read more slowly than sighted individuals despite accommodated print sizing. 24 Scores on standardized reading tests taken by those with albinism are largely above average; some are exceptionally high despite vision impairment.…”

Section: Reading Abilitysupporting

confidence: 92%

“…According to 1 study, albinism does not appear to impact normal acquisition of reading skills. 23 Many young children with albinism demonstrate above average reading skills despite meeting criteria for legal blindness (bestcorrected visual acuity 20/200). In this study, children and adults with albinism scored higher on comprehension than fluency on reading tests, reflecting reduced reading speed because of vision impairment rather than reading skill.…”

Section: Reading Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children with OCA2 have shown resiliency and adaptability, and NPs should work to grow these characteristics. 23 NPs might recommend both children and their caregivers carry notebooks in which they record both appointment visits and emotional reactions. Broadband screening for psychological disorders may help identify problems.…”

Section: Role Of the Npmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unseen Impairment: Pediatric Primary Care Management of Oculocutaneous Albinism 2

Kronick¹,

John²

2016

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners

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Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2), an autosomal recessive mutation of the OCA2 gene on chromosome 15, results in ocular and dermatologic manifestations. In primary care, nurse practitioners must detect the condition, refer to specialists, provide psychosocial support, refer to community resources, and coordinate care for children with this disorder. This article discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and differential diagnosis of OCA2 as well as a discussion of the clinical implications and nurse practitioner management of the condition. The unique psychosocial effects of having the OCA2 mutation are less frequently explored in the current literature and are highlighted in this article.

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Section: Reading Abilitysupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Reading Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unseen Impairment: Pediatric Primary Care Management of Oculocutaneous Albinism 2

Kronick¹,

John²

2016

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners

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“…10,11 Interestingly, recent work has shown age-appropriate levels of reading ability even in the presence of severe visual problems. 12,13 The strong consensus of the scientific community is that reading problems, including dyslexia, are not caused by vision abnormalities. 10 This consensus has not yet been tested in a large population cohort.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmic Abnormalities and Reading Impairment

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVES: To explore associations between specific learning disorder with impairment in reading (dyslexia) and ophthalmic abnormalities in children aged 7 to 9 years.METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis was performed on cohort study data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Reading impairment was defined according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Children who achieved .2 SD below the mean in the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability Scale II and level ,4 in nonmathematical national key stage 2 tests were defined as having severe reading impairment (SRI). Children with blindness or IQ ,70 were excluded.RESULTS: Data were available for 5822 children, of whom 172 (3%) met the criteria for SRI. No association was found between SRI and strabismus, motor fusion, sensory fusion at a distance, refractive error, amblyopia, convergence, accommodation, or contrast sensitivity. Abnormalities in sensory fusion at near were mildly higher in children with SRI compared with their peers (1 in 6 vs 1 in 10, P = .08), as were children with stereoacuity worse than 60 seconds/arc (1 in 6 vs 1 in 10, P = .001).CONCLUSIONS: Four of every 5 children with SRI had normal ophthalmic function in each test used. A small minority of children displayed minor anomalies in stereoacuity or fusion of near targets. The slight excess of these children among those with SRI may be a result of their reading impairment or may be unrelated. We found no evidence that vision-based treatments would be useful to help children with SRI.WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Dyslexia has a lifelong impact on learning. The consensus in the literature from clinical studies is that dyslexia is not caused by vision abnormalities. However, interventions and therapies directed at eye-related functions are still available. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:In this cohort the majority of dyslexic children had normal results for all ophthalmic tests. These population-based data support the consensus that dyslexia is not primarily a vision problem and that vision-based therapies are not justified or likely to help. Dr Creavin planned the study questions, analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript; Dr Lingam planned the study questions and the original clinical assessment of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) children along with the rest of the ALSPAC team and was involved in interpreting the results and writing the final manuscript; Dr Steer was involved in interpreting the results and writing the final manuscript; and Dr Williams planned the study questions and the original clinical assessment of the ALSPAC children along with the rest of the ALSPAC team and was involved in interpreting the results and writing the final manuscript. A number of neurodevelopmental conditions are associated with ophthalmic abnormalities. 7-9 Reading requires adequate vision and the neurologic ability to identify what is seen, and consequently the study of difficulties in vision and vis...

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“…How do two mirror‐reversed maps of noncorresponding points in visual space on the same suite of neurons make sense? And furthermore how do albino humans, despite decreased visual acuity and depth perception, develop normal reading ability (Bridge et al., ; Cole, Conn, Jones, Wallace, & Moore, ; Huurneman, Boonstra, & Goossens, ,,, ; MacDonald, Kutzbach, Holleschau, Wyckoff, & Summers, ), remarkably normal motor behavior, and largely neurotypical cognition?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainer W. Guillery and the genetic analysis of brain development

Walsh

2018

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Ray Guillery had broad research interests that spanned cellular neuroanatomy, but was perhaps best known for his investigation of the connectivity and function of the thalamus, especially the visual pathways. His work on the genetics of abnormal vision in albino mammals served as an early paradigm for genetic approaches for studying brain connectivity of complex species in general, and remains of major relevance today. This work, especially on the Siamese cat, illustrates the complex relationship between genotype and physiology of cerebral cortical circuits, and anticipated many of the issues underlying the imperfect relationship between genes, circuits, and behavior in mammalian species including human. This review also briefly summarizes studies from our own lab inspired by Ray Guillery's legacy that continues to explore the relationship between genes, structure, and behavior in human cerebral cortex.

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Reading Skills in Children and Adults With Albinism: The Role of Visual Impairment

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Unseen Impairment: Pediatric Primary Care Management of Oculocutaneous Albinism 2

Unseen Impairment: Pediatric Primary Care Management of Oculocutaneous Albinism 2

Ophthalmic Abnormalities and Reading Impairment

Rainer W. Guillery and the genetic analysis of brain development

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