Reading Rates of Young Braille-Reading Children

Acquisition of Literacy Skills by Young Children who are Blind: Results from the ABC Braille Study

“…Reading fluency is often used as a global predictor of overall literacy achievement (Hasbrouck & Tindal, 2006;Wormsley, 1996). Although the students in this study gradually lost ground in reading speed compared to their sighted peers, it may have been that reading fluency, in and of itself, was not targeted in these students' programs.…”

Hand Movements and Braille Reading Efficiency: Data from the Alphabetic Braille and Contracted Braille Study

“…In Wormsley's (1996) study of the reading rates of 22 young braille readers, the 4 fastest readers all used either the split or scissors method or a combination of the two. Of the 4 slowest readers, 1 used only the left hand, 1 alternated between the left hand only and parallel patterns, 1 used the parallel pattern, and 1 alternated between the parallel and the split patterns.…”

A Survey of the Academic Engagement of Students with Visual Impairments in General Education Classes

“…Full participation of students with visual impairments in general education classes is also affected by the need to access print materials using alternative methods. The reading speeds of students who use braille tend to be slower than those of students who use print (Nolan & Kederis 1969;Trent & Truan, 1997;Wormsley, 1996) and those of students with low vision who use magnification devices (Cowen & Shepler, 2000) and large print (Corn et al, 2002;Gompel, van Bon, & Schreuder, 2004). Even when electronic devices are used, valuable academic learning time can be lost while locating the correct section of an audiotape or turning on a computer or notetaker, opening the correct application, and getting ready to take notes or prepare written materials.…”