Reading language of the eyes

Pavlova, Marina; Sokolov, Arseny A.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104755

Cited by 41 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 186 publications

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“…The RMET-M was administered for addressing the issue of whether face reading and body language reading are connected to other social cognitive abilities such as reading in the static eyes. Based on earlier reports with the standard RMET (e.g., Kirkland et al, 2013 ; Baron-Cohen et al, 2015 ; Dodell-Feder et al, 2020 ; Kynast et al, 2021 ; for recent review, see Pavlova and Sokolov, 2022b ) including the recent work of our own group ( Isernia et al, 2020 ), we anticipated females to be more proficient on the RMET-M. Contrary to our expectations, however, accuracy of females and males was comparable (0.77 ± 0.10 for females, and 0.75 ± 0.09 for males; t (47) = 0.19, p = 0.288, one-tailed).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be of particular value in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Mandatory covering faces with medical masks may lead to difficulties in social cognition and interaction ( Pavlova and Sokolov, 2022a , b ). As people are unable anymore to rely on the habitual information, they need to pick and pool together social signals from different sources such as eyes and bodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A computer version of the RMET-M (M, modified) was additionally administered to all participants. This test is described in detail elsewhere [ Baron-Cohen et al, 2001a ; see also most recent analysis by Pavlova and Sokolov (2022b) ]. In brief, the original standard version of the RMET consists of 36 black-and-white photographs of female and male eyes along with a corresponding face part expressing a certain emotional or affective state.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gender (a social construct) and sex (a neurobiological one) of observers are essential for performance on a wide range of social cognition tasks tapping bodies, faces, and eyes reading ( Pavlova et al, 2010 ; Kret et al, 2011 ; Sokolov et al, 2011 ; Kirkland et al, 2013 ; Krüger et al, 2013 ; Pavlova et al, 2015 , 2016 , 2020 ; He et al, 2018 , Dodell-Feder et al, 2020 ; Isernia et al, 2020 ; Kynast et al, 2021 ; see Pavlova and Sokolov, 2022b , for a most recent analysis of reading in the eyes). In the same vein, female but not male common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) are reported to exhibit curiosity to point-light biological motion ( Brown et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Covering faces with masks leaves a comparable amount of visual information for face reading as the RMET (a set of photographs of a pair of eyes along with the surrounding part of a face including hairstyle; Pavlova and Sokolov, 2022a , b ; Figure 1 ) does. Most recent experimental work indicates that RMET performance predicts accuracy of facial affect recognition of masked faces ( Swain et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ties between reading faces, bodies, eyes, and autistic traits

Pavlova

Romagnano²,

Kubon³

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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While reading covered with masks faces during the COVID-19 pandemic, for efficient social interaction, we need to combine information from different sources such as the eyes (without faces hidden by masks) and bodies. This may be challenging for individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions, in particular, autism spectrum disorders. Here we examined whether reading of dynamic faces, bodies, and eyes are tied in a gender-specific way, and how these capabilities are related to autistic traits expression. Females and males accomplished a task with point-light faces along with a task with point-light body locomotion portraying different emotional expressions. They had to infer emotional content of displays. In addition, participants were administered the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, modified and Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire. The findings show that only in females, inferring emotions from dynamic bodies and faces are firmly linked, whereas in males, reading in the eyes is knotted with face reading. Strikingly, in neurotypical males only, accuracy of face, body, and eyes reading was negatively tied with autistic traits. The outcome points to gender-specific modes in social cognition: females rely upon merely dynamic cues while reading faces and bodies, whereas males most likely trust configural information. The findings are of value for examination of face and body language reading in neuropsychiatric conditions, in particular, autism, most of which are gender/sex-specific. This work suggests that if male individuals with autistic traits experience difficulties in reading covered with masks faces, these deficits may be unlikely compensated by reading (even dynamic) bodies and faces. By contrast, in females, reading covered faces as well as reading language of dynamic bodies and faces are not compulsorily connected to autistic traits preventing them from paying high costs for maladaptive social interaction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ties between reading faces, bodies, eyes, and autistic traits

Pavlova

Romagnano²,

Kubon³

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Systematic Review of Gaming and Neuropsychological Assessment of Social Cognition

Hurel,

Grall-Bronnec,

Bouillard

et al. 2023

Neuropsychol Rev

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Playing video games is associated with cognitive changes and possibly psychosocial difficulties. Problematic gaming occurs upon the loss of control over videogame playing; gaming disorder is considered a behavioral addiction in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases. Models used to understand behavioral addictions include cognition as an essential factor in the development, maintenance, and relapse of addiction. Nevertheless, some aspects of cognition, such as social cognition, remain underexplored, despite evidence of alterations in cognitive and social function among patients with problematic gaming. This review aimed to describe the current understanding of social cognition in individuals exposed to videogames. We included all studies assessing social cognition in participants of any age with a wide range of exposure to video games (from simple use of video games (such as at least two exposures) to problematic gaming, defined according to the included study). This wide range of exposure allowed us to explore the whole process from repeated exposure to addiction. We included only studies that used neuropsychological tasks to assess social cognition. Patient-reported outcomes that could be biased by subjective self-report data were not included. The search was conducted from inception to January 2022 in three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science). The systematic search identified 39 studies that assessed facial emotion processing, empathy, theory of mind, social decision-making, aggressive behavior, and moral competence. In general, results have been mixed, and a number of questions remain unanswered. Nevertheless, several studies showed cerebral changes when processing facial emotion that were linked with problematic gaming, while no link was obtained between nonproblematic gaming and empathy alterations. The influences of cooperation patterns, theory of mind, moral competence, and gaming frequency were highlighted. Finally, there was substantial heterogeneity in the population assessed and the methods used.

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