“…In this form of oral reading, a teacher vocalizes a written text to students. Teacher read-alouds have been documented through survey research (Albright and Ariail, 2005;Ariail and Albright, 2005); teacher self-reports (Richardson, 2000;Lawrence et al, 2008) and qualitative studies of secondary classrooms (Athanases and de Oliveira, 2014;Brooks, 2015Brooks, , 2016Frankel, 2017;Ivey, 1999). The instruction depicted in the most detailed descriptions of teacher read-alouds in secondary school (Dreher, 2003;Gallagher, 2012;Rief, 2000;Watanabe, 2008) is consistent with many of the characteristics of "effective interactive" read-alouds (Fisher et al, 2004, p. 10).…”