Reading in a Regular Orthography: An fMRI Study Investigating the Role of Visual Familiarity

Ischebeck, Anja; Indefrey, Peter; Usui, Nobuo; Nose, Izuru; Hellwig, Frauke M.; Taira, Masato

doi:10.1162/089892904970708

Cited by 106 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Further support for an involvement of these areas in phonological processing is provided by a number of studies (e.g., Fiebach et al, 2002;Mechelli et al, 2007;Rumsey et al, 1997;Carreiras, Mechelli, and Price, 2006;Carreiras et al, 2007;Owen et al, 2004;Posner and Raichle, 1994;Ischebeck et al, 2004;Dietz et al, 2005, Borowsky et al, 2006 and also from imaging studies using pseudohomophones in visual word recognition reporting left and right inferior frontal gyrus activity (pars opercularis and triangularis) for pseudohomophones when compared to pseudowords (e.g., Edwards et al, 2005;Kronbichler et al, 2007).…”

Section: Early Phonological Activation In Visual Word Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Braun¹,

Hutzler²,

Ziegler³

et al. 2008

Human Brain Mapping

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Previous research using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) suggested that phonological processing in visual word recognition occurs rather late, typically after semantic or syntactic processing. Here we show that phonological activation in visual word recognition can be observed much earlier. Using a lexical decision task, we show that ERPs to pseudohomophones (e.g., ROZE) differed from well matched spelling controls (e.g., ROFE) as early as 150 ms (P150) after stimulus onset. The pseudohomophone effect occurred as early as the word frequency effect suggesting that phonological activation occurs early enough to influence lexical access. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analysis (LORETA) revealed that left temporo-parietal and right fronto-temporal areas are the likely brain regions associated with the processing of phonological information at the lexical level. Altogether, the results show that phonological processes are activated early in visual word recognition and play an important role in lexical access.

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Section: Early Phonological Activation In Visual Word Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Braun¹,

Hutzler²,

Ziegler³

et al. 2008

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Price, 2000, p. 353). Generally in line with this model, Ischebeck et al (2004) argued that SFG activation reflects control functions with regard to retrieval of semantic information from posterior areas (for a review, see Binder et al, 1999). Thus words containing semantic information, elicit larger activations than PWs because the latter are devoid of semantic content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Also fMRI studies revealed a larger BOLD contrast in SFG and IPG for words compared to PWs. This was demonstrated in visual lexical decision (Binder et al, 2003;Kuchinke et al, 2005), silent articulation and phonological lexical decision tasks (Ischebeck et al, 2004). The latter study made subjects decide on whether or not a presented letter string sounds like a word if read aloud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Differential activation of frontal and parietal regions during visual word recognition: An optical topography study

et al. 2008

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The present study examined cortical oxygenation changes during lexical decision on words and pseudowords using functional NearInfrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Focal hyperoxygenation as an indicator of functional activation was compared over three target areas over the left hemisphere. A 52-channel Hitachi ETG-4000 was used covering the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), the left inferior parietal gyrus (IPG) and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). To allow for anatomical inference a recently developed probabilistic mapping method was used to determine the most likely anatomic locations of the changes in cortical activation [Tsuzuki, D., Jurcak, V., Singh, A.K., Okamoto, M., Watanabe, E., Dan, I., 2007. Virtual spatial registration of stand-alone fNIRS data to MNI space. NeuroImage 43 (4), 1506-1518.Subjects made lexical decisions on 50 low and 50 high frequency words and 100 pseudowords. With respect to the lexicality effect, words elicited a larger focal hyperoxygenation in comparison to pseudowords in two regions identified as the SFG and left IPG. The SFG activation difference was interpreted to reflect decision-related mechanisms according to the Multiple Read-Out Model [Grainger, J., Jacobs, A.M., 1996. Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model. Psychological Review 103, 518-565]. The greater oxygenation response to words in the left IPG suggests that this region connects orthographic, phonological and semantic representations. A decrease of deoxygenated hemoglobin was observed to low frequency in comparison to high frequency words in a region identified as IFG. This region's sensitivity to word frequency suggests its involvement in grapheme-phoneme conversion, or its role during the selection of preactivated semantic candidates.

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“…For example, these regions show stronger activation during semantic than phonological tasks (Binder et al, 1999;Démonet et al, 1992;Mummery et al, 1998;Poldrack et al, 1999;Price et al, 1997;Roskies et al, 2001;Scott et al, 2003). They are activated more by words than nonwords during lexical decision Binder et al, in press;Ischebeck et al, 2004) and more by concrete words than abstract words (Binder et al, in press). This network has also been repeatedly shown to ddeactivateT during active tasks relative to resting or passive stimulation conditions (Binder et al, 1999;Mazoyer et al, 2001;McKiernan et al, 2003;Raichle et al, 2001;Shulman et al, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

et al. 2005

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The pronunciation of irregular words in deep orthographies like English cannot be specified by simple rules. On the other hand, the fact that novel letter strings can be pronounced seems to imply the existence of such rules. These facts motivate dual-route models of word naming, which postulate separate lexical (whole-word) and non-lexical (rulebased) mechanisms for accessing phonology. We used fMRI during oral naming of irregular words, regular words, and nonwords, to test this theory against a competing single-mechanism account known as the triangle model, which proposes that all words are handled by a single system containing distributed orthographic, phonological, and semantic codes rather than word codes. Two versions of the dual-route model were distinguished: an dexclusiveT version in which activation of one processing route predominates over the other, and a dparallelT version in which both routes are equally activated by all words. The fMRI results provide no support for the exclusive dual-route model. Several frontal, insular, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions showed responses that increased with naming difficulty (nonword > irregular word > regular word) and were correlated with response time, but there was no activation consistent with the predicted response of a nonlexical, rule-based mechanism (i.e., nonword > regular word > irregular word). Several regions, including the angular gyrus and dorsal prefrontal cortex bilaterally, left ventromedial temporal lobe, and posterior cingulate gyrus, were activated more by words than nonwords, but these dlexical routeT regions were equally active for irregular and regular words. The results are compatible with both the parallel dual-route model and the triangle model. dLexical routeT regions also showed effects of word imageability. Together with previous imaging studies using semantic task contrasts, the imageability effects are consistent with semantic processing in these brain regions, suggesting that word naming is partly semantically-mediated. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Word naming; Dual-route model; Triangle model IntroductionThe correspondence between spoken and written forms of a language is not always systematic. While in some alphabetic orthographies the sound of a word can be worked out using rules of pronunciation, in most, there are varying degrees of irregularity in the mapping between print and sound. In English, for example, Bernard Shaw pointed out that the word ''fish'' could be written ghoti if one were mischievous enough to borrow the spelling for /f/ from rough, the spelling of /I/ from women, and the spelling of /sh/ from nation. Words like colonel and yacht are only some of the more extreme examples of such irregularity of pronunciation, which is pervasive in English and is seen in many of its more common words, including some, many, of, the, and word just used in this sentence.While the pronunciation of these dirregularT words would seem to be learned through rote memorization of the whole word, there is...

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Reading in a Regular Orthography: An fMRI Study Investigating the Role of Visual Familiarity

Cited by 106 publications

References 53 publications

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico‐phonological processing in visual word recognition

Differential activation of frontal and parietal regions during visual word recognition: An optical topography study

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

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