Reading disability in adjudicated youth: Prevalence rates, current models, traditional and innovative treatments

Reading and writing disabilities among inmates in correctional settings. A Swedish perspective

“…There have been some studies that showed positive results in reading ability when participants have used computer software programs as assistive technology (Beacham & Alty, 2006;Macaruso & Hook, 2007;Olson, Wise, Ring, & Johnson, 1997;Shelley-Tremblay et al, 2007). The literacy environment intervention part mainly consisted of reading aloud for the pupils at least three times a week and a renewal of the institution library.…”

Classifying Violent Versus Nonviolent Offending in a Diverse Sample of Adolescent Juvenile Delinquents

“…However, several studies examining juvenile violence have either focused on factors associated with violent offending without drawing comparisons between violent and non-violent forms of delinquency (McCord et al, 2001;Moffitt, 1990;Morgan & Lilienfeld, 2000;Morris & Morris, 2006;Otnow-Lewis et al, 1985;Rutherford & Nelson, 2005;Shelley-Tremblay et al, 2007;Waldie & Spreen, 2001), or have focused only on incarcerated youth (Auffrey et al, 1999;Gover, 2002;Loza, 2003). Some authors have concluded that more research is needed that contrasts risk factors for violent and non-violent offenders (Hawkins et al, 2000).…”

“…Youth who commit violent offenses have significantly higher incidence of reading and mathematics problems when compared to delinquents who have committed non-violent offenses (Beebe & Mueller, 1993;Katsiyannis et al, 2008;Shelley-Tremblay et al, 2007). Studies have suggested that over half of juveniles in corrections are reading at least four levels below grade level (Virginia Juvenile Justice Summit on Children and Youth with Disabilities, 2001), and perform significantly lower on standardized tests of reading than non-delinquent peers (Baltodano, Harris, & Rutherford, 2005).…”

“…Several researchers have suggested that juveniles who commit more severe offenses and who recidivate demonstrate a higher incidence of academic failure (Shelley-Tremblay et al, 2007).…”

“…Several investigations have identified a number of risk factors associated with delinquency, including being a male, having ethnic minority status, economic disadvantage, child maltreatment and dependency involvement, special education diagnosis, the presence of a learning disability, the presence of an emotional, disability, academic underperformance, illegal substance violation, and recidivism (McCord et al, 2001;Moffitt, 1990;Morgan & Lilienfeld, 2000;Morris & Morris, 2006;Otnow-Lewis et al, 1985;Rutherford & Nelson, 2005;Shelley-Tremblay et al, 2007;Waldie & Spreen, 2001). However, the causal status of known risk factors remains to be clarified, and no single risk factor can fully explain violent or non-violent delinquent behavior.…”