Readiness of community pharmacies to implement an opioid safety intervention

Floyd, Anthony S.; Silcox, Joseph; Cousin, Emma; Irwin, Adriane N.; Gray, Mary Tod; Bolivar, Derek; Bratberg, Jeffrey; Arnold, Jennifer; Al-Jammali, Zain; Hansen, Ryan N.; Hartung, Daniel; Green, Traci C.

doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.10.031

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Based on our experiences in the intervention study implementation 30 and an initial examination of univariate data, we hypothesized a priori that pharmacy business characteristics, syringe attributes, and visit qualities may influence price. Specifically, we suspected that pharmacy chain would be a major determinant of syringe prices due to the high variability observed between the 2 chains included in the research.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Figure 1, we illustrate pre-intervention syringe sales practices and policies to further demonstrate how the sale of NPS occurred in intervention pharmacies prior to the intervention. 30 A dichotomous variable was created to determine whether or not secret shoppers encountered barriers during the purchase. Finally, to consider geography in price variability, Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were matched to each pharmacy as a measure of rurality.…”

Section: Candidate Predictors Of Syringe Pricementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cost of Safe Injection: Insights on Nonprescription Syringe Price Variability From Systematic Secret Shopping

Blough,

Rocha,

Bratberg

et al. 2024

Substance Use & Addiction Journal

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Background: Although the sale of nonprescription syringes in pharmacies is legal in most states, people who inject drugs (PWID) continue to face obstacles to syringe purchase like stigma, prohibitive costs, restrictive policies, and stocking issues. We examined the consistency of syringe pricing as another possible barrier. Methods: We analyzed data on syringe prices and other relevant variables from 153 unique secret shopper visits to 2 retail chain pharmacies in Massachusetts (MA), New Hampshire (NH), Oregon (OR), and Washington (WA) as part of the fidelity component of a large pharmacy-focused intervention study. Pretax prices from purchases made between August 2019 and May 2021 were adjusted for inflation to 2022 dollars, and a linear regression of the price of a 10-pack of syringes was constructed to examine the determinants of syringe pricing. Results: The average real price of a 10-pack of syringes across all states was $4.53 (SD = 0.99), with wide variability between pharmacies (max = $11.44, min = $1.70) and between states (mean OR = $5.76, WA = $4.74, MA = $4.33, NH = $4.30). Forty-seven percent (n = 72) of the purchases were taxed despite syringes being tax exempt in MA and WA, and not having a sales tax in NH or OR. The results of the regression suggest that certain needle gauges were associated with lower overall prices, while 1 pharmacy chain and 2 syringe brands were associated with higher overall prices. Conclusions: The high variability in syringe pricing presents another barrier to pharmacy-based syringe access since high prices may leave PWID no choice but to reuse or share needles, especially in areas with limited alternatives or without a syringe service program. Leadership from healthcare systems, pharmacy chains, and state and local policymakers is essential to reduce stigma and to implement policies that streamline syringe purchases, eliminate the taxation of exempt syringes in accordance with state laws, and reduce the variation in syringe prices.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Candidate Predictors Of Syringe Pricementioning

confidence: 99%

The Cost of Safe Injection: Insights on Nonprescription Syringe Price Variability From Systematic Secret Shopping

Blough,

Rocha,

Bratberg

et al. 2024

Substance Use & Addiction Journal

Self Cite

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“…106,107 Continuing education is an additional pathway for pharmacist education, and opioid-related content has proliferated in recent years. 56,108 -110 These programs have shown promise for increasing pharmacists’ readiness to provide naloxone and overdose prevention counseling, but further research is needed to investigate their efficacy in conveying OUD treatment knowledge and attitudes, particularly in rural settings where post-graduate professional development may be limited. 111 -113…”

Section: Educational Pathways and Areas For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…106,107 Continuing education is an additional pathway for pharmacist education, and opioid-related content has proliferated in recent years. 56,[108][109][110] These programs have shown promise for increasing pharmacists' readiness to provide naloxone and overdose prevention counseling, but further research is needed to investigate their efficacy in conveying OUD treatment knowledge and attitudes, particularly in rural settings where post-graduate professional development may be limited. [111][112][113] To prepare pharmacists to offer OUD services, more research needs to be conducted to better characterize the state of OUD education and training in pharmacy schools, post-graduate training, interprofessional programs, and continuing education, and to identify effective interventions to improve OUD education and training.…”

Section: Educational Pathways and Areas For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Priorities for Expansion of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in the Community Pharmacy

Jarrett,

Bratberg,

Burns

et al. 2023

Substance Abuse

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In the last decade, the U.S. opioid overdose crisis has magnified, particularly since the introduction of synthetic opioids, including fentanyl. Despite the benefits of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), only about a fifth of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the U.S. receive MOUD. The ubiquity of pharmacists, along with their extensive education and training, represents great potential for expansion of MOUD services, particularly in community pharmacies. The National Institute on Drug Abuse’s National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (NIDA CTN) convened a working group to develop a research agenda to expand OUD treatment in the community pharmacy sector to support improved access to MOUD and patient outcomes. Identified settings for research include independent and chain pharmacies and co-located pharmacies within primary care settings. Specific topics for research included adaptation of pharmacy infrastructure for clinical service provision, strategies for interprofessional collaboration including health service models, drug policy and regulation, pharmacist education about OUD and OUD treatment, including didactic, experiential, and interprofessional curricula, and educational interventions to reduce stigma towards this patient population. Together, expanding these research areas can bring effective MOUD to where it is most needed.

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Implementation of an academic detailing intervention to increase naloxone distribution and foster engagement in harm reduction from the community clinician

Irwin

Bratberg²,

Al-Jammali³

et al. 2023

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

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Readiness of community pharmacies to implement an opioid safety intervention

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

The Cost of Safe Injection: Insights on Nonprescription Syringe Price Variability From Systematic Secret Shopping

The Cost of Safe Injection: Insights on Nonprescription Syringe Price Variability From Systematic Secret Shopping

Research Priorities for Expansion of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in the Community Pharmacy

Implementation of an academic detailing intervention to increase naloxone distribution and foster engagement in harm reduction from the community clinician

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