Reactor accident chemistry an update

Abstract

A review and discussion of some of the literature on the subject of serious nuclear reactor accidents. This review addresses some biological issues such as the influence of dose rate on the ability of radiation to cause harm, the chemistry of a selection of serious accidents and the behaviour of a series of important fission products and the actinides. This review is intended for scientists with a professional interest in nuclear reactors, chemists in general and I expect that it will be of use to historians with an interest in the nuclear industry and its relationship with wider society.

Solvometallurgical recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion battery cathode materials using deep-eutectic solvents

“…Although chloride anions are present in the DES as well, chlorine gas formation in the DES is unlikely because these anions are retained by hydrogen bonds. 42 The chloride anions of the DES stabilise cobalt(II) cations and have no significant reducing power. The presence of copper metal is the decisive parameter during leaching by the DES because it reduces cobalt(III), while the latter is mainly done by chloride anions along hydrochloric acid leaching.…”

“…Foreman developed a DES-based process for recovery of metals from NMH batteries. 42 Riaño et al 43 applied a choline chloride-lactic acid DES for NdFeB magnets recycling, utilizing leaching and nonaqueous solvent extraction. In this paper, a model study is done to recover cobalt from LiCoO 2 by solvometallurgy, utilizing a water-diluted choline chloride-citric acid DES (ChCl : CA, molar ratio 1 : 2, diluted with 35 wt% water).…”

A Review of Recovering Lithium and Cobalt from Spent LiCoO2 Lithium‐Ion Batteries Cathode

“…They are one of the non‐aqueous media and various metal oxides are reported to show high solubility in DESs [60–65] . DESs not only perform excellent leaching efficiency for metal oxides and salt compared to many aqueous solutions but also effectively separates different metal elements [14,66–69] . Sun [70] proposed a novel method to determine the best reductive acids for DES by calculating the ionization potential(IP) of organic acids.…”

Sustainable solvent extraction of gold and other metals with biomass chemicals

“…90 While in the Castle Bravo event it was shown that tritium can be formed by the neutron bombardment of 7 Li. 91 changes in the 6 Li to 7 Li ratio can change the tritium breeding in the blanket around a fusion reactor, while the n, T + a reaction of DT fusion neutrons with 6 Li is exothermic (−4.784 MeV) the n, T + a + n reaction on 7 Li is endothermic (2.467 MeV). 92 It has been shown that some solvent extraction systems can separate the lithium isotopes, 93 thus we reason that the ability to obtain solvent extraction results from which activity function parameters for lithium will be useful.…”