Reactivity of vanadyl pyrophosphate catalyst in ethanol ammoxidation and β-picoline oxidation: Advantages and limitations of bi-functionality

Morphological changes of vanadyl pyrophosphate due to thermal excursions

“…VPP catalyst is known as a multifunctional catalyst which can be used in a variety of applications in industry [35] . This catalyst can be used for oxidation reactions such as a) the oxidation of n-butane to MA [36] b) the oxidation of n-pentane to maleic and phthalic anhydrides c) the oxidation of propane d) the ammoxidation of alkylaromatics and also f) the oxidation of different organic substrates in the liquid phase reactions in the presence of H 2 O 2 and alkylhydroperoxides [35] . The surface acidity of the VPP catalyst plays a significant role in the mechanism of these reactions [35,19] .…”

“…This catalyst can be used for oxidation reactions such as a) the oxidation of n-butane to MA [36] b) the oxidation of n-pentane to maleic and phthalic anhydrides c) the oxidation of propane d) the ammoxidation of alkylaromatics and also f) the oxidation of different organic substrates in the liquid phase reactions in the presence of H 2 O 2 and alkylhydroperoxides [35] . The surface acidity of the VPP catalyst plays a significant role in the mechanism of these reactions [35,19] . The acid and redox properties of this catalyst have a positive effect on some other application of VPP such as g) the oxidehydration of 1-butanol to maleic anhydride [37] and h) the oxidative dehydration of glycerol to acrylic acid [38] .…”

“…The acid and redox properties of this catalyst have a positive effect on some other application of VPP such as g) the oxidehydration of 1-butanol to maleic anhydride [37] and h) the oxidative dehydration of glycerol to acrylic acid [38] . In addition, this catalyst is used for the reactions with only the acid sites [35] . Some of the mentioned reactions along with other applications of VPP catalyst are described in the following :…”

“…Some researchers investigated the activity of the VPP catalyst for both these gas-phase reactions which can be considered as alternative processes to produce acetonitrile and nico-tinic acid in industry [35] . They indicated that the reaction conditions of both n-butane and β-picoline oxidation to MA and nicotinic acid and are similar and also they predicted the similar active surface in both cases [35] .…”

Methods to Produce Nicotinic Acid with Potential Industrial Applications

“…There are reports in the literature on the use of vanadyl pyrophosphate (VPP) as a catalyst for the oxidation of 3-picoline [71]. The process at 310 • C obtained NA with only 14% efficiency, but efficiency increased up to 36% with the addition of steam to the system.…”