Reactive toughening of urea–formaldehyde resin with poly(vinyl alcohol) by formation of interpenetrating networks

Liu, Yalong; Yuan, Junling; Zhao, Xiaowen; Ye, Lin

doi:10.1002/pen.24814

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Mostly used thermoset polymer matrices are polyester, urea formaldehyde, epoxy, phenolic, vinyl ester, and polyamide. [172,[186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]…”

Section: Thermoset Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the progress in natural fiber reinforced composites: Preparation, mechanical properties, and applications

et al. 2023

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Exploration of natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) in cutting‐edge applications is due to phenomenal properties, such as lightweight, low‐cost, and environmental aspects. NFs can effectively compete to the synthetic fibers in terms of mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties. As a result, the invention and innovation of natural fiber (NF) composites for commercial purposes has increased dramatically in recent years to meet the growing demand of the industrial sectors. Materials are the cornerstone of any manufacturing industry. NFRPCs are a good alternative to conventional materials because of their relatively high mechanical properties and lower production energy. NFs decrease the cost of the material by 5% while reducing the weight of the composite by 10% and the manufacturing energy by 80%. A lot of work has been done to enhance NFRPCs' mechanical properties to overcome their drawbacks, such as poor fiber‐to‐matrix adhesion, thermal stability, and moisture absorption. However, for better mechanical properties, it is crucial to understand the fibers' embedded manufacturing technique and the appropriate fiber weight percentage with appropriate matrix. This review article discusses composites made of NFs providing a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the field of NFRPCs, focusing on recent advancements in preparation techniques, improvements in mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact strength of NFRPCs with various fiber types, fiber weight ratio, fiber‐to‐matrix ratio for appropriate engineering applications, and elucidating future research directions by analyzing trends and challenges in the field. The aim of this review article is to provide a deep evaluation of the progress made in the field of NFRPCs, with the ultimate goal of advancing knowledge and understanding of this field.

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“…Mostly used thermoset polymer matrices are polyester, urea formaldehyde, epoxy, phenolic, vinyl ester, and polyamide. [172,[186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]…”

Section: Thermoset Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the progress in natural fiber reinforced composites: Preparation, mechanical properties, and applications

et al. 2023

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“…Compared with neat UF resin, the elongation at break and impact strength were evidently improved, while the tensile strength decreased somewhat by introduction of 7 wt% PVA. [ 6 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with neat UF resin, the elongation at break and impact strength were evidently improved, while the tensile strength decreased somewhat by introduction of 7 wt% PVA. [6] On the other hand, in the preparation process of UF resin, the formaldehyde-urea reaction is reversible, resulting in the inevitable existence of free formaldehydes in resulting resin. Moreover, C O C linkages of UF molecules are apt to break under high temperature which could also lead to the release of formaldehyde and cause environment pollution, significantly limiting the indoor application of UF resin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urea‐glutaraldehyde‐formaldehyde resin with low formaldehyde emission and high flexibility: Structure and toughening mechanism

Dai

et al. 2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Urea‐formaldehyde (UF) resin with excellent intrinsic flame retardancy, high strength, and low cost has been widely used as adhesives, coatings as well as molding compounds, and it is a challenge to prepare UF resin with combined properties of high toughness/strength and low formaldehyde emissions. In this work, glutaraldehyde was introduced into the synthesis system of UF resin to partially replace formaldehyde, and urea‐glutaraldehyde‐formaldehyde (UGF) copolycondensation resin was prepared. It was found that glutaraldehyde participated in additional/condensation reactions of UF resin, and the crosslinking reaction of UGF resin was hindered with higher curing activation energy than that of neat UF resin. Due to the controllable curing kinetics and introduction of long methylene chains, UGF resin presented relatively low crosslinking density, and under external force, it underwent distinct yielding before fracture and many yield folds appeared on the fractured surface, showing high toughness and strength. Compared with neat UF resin, the tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength, and critical stress intensity factor (KIC) of UGF resin increased by 26%, 42.30%, 14.6%, and 30%, respectively. Meanwhile, the free formaldehyde emission for UGF resin decreased by 47.5%, meeting the requirement of E0 grade. Such developed eco‐friendly UGF resin exhibited promising application potentials.

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“…To increase the bonding strength, PVA is usually used with other resins. For instance, PVA is widely used as a filler in formaldehyde-based and starch-based adhesives for the increase of their solid content and viscosity [11][12][13]. It is sometimes used as an emulsifier in isocyanate adhesives for even distribution or shelf time elongation purposes [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferric Ions Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol for Enhanced Molecular Structure and Mechanical Performance

Liu

et al. 2020

Materials

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The highly crystallized molecular structure of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) makes the polymer with poor performance in mechanical strength and water resistance. To modify the molecular structure of PVA and to diminish the complicated procedures and environmental impacts, ferric ions (in ion composite form) have been used to set the interactions with the molecule chains of PVA. The crystallinity, chemical groups change, and mechanical performance of the polymer has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), and the bonding/membrane tensile strength test. The crystallinity of PVA is reduced from 41.6% to 7.7% with the addition of 2.0% of ferric ions. The tensile strength of the modified PVA membrane is increased by 240%. Moreover, with tougher structure and improved fluidity, the strength of ferric ions modified PVA bonded wood samples is increased by 157%. The modification of PVA with ion composite may have vast applications in many fields, such as paper industry, wood adhesives, functional materials, and polymer structure design.

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Reactive toughening of urea–formaldehyde resin with poly(vinyl alcohol) by formation of interpenetrating networks

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Mapping the progress in natural fiber reinforced composites: Preparation, mechanical properties, and applications

Mapping the progress in natural fiber reinforced composites: Preparation, mechanical properties, and applications

Urea‐glutaraldehyde‐formaldehyde resin with low formaldehyde emission and high flexibility: Structure and toughening mechanism

Ferric Ions Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol for Enhanced Molecular Structure and Mechanical Performance

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