Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization

Asúa, José M.; Schoonbrood, Harold A. S.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4044(199812)49:12<671::aid-apol671>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 133 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…17 It has been established that for a surfmer to work well in the emulsion polymerization process, it must have limited solubility in water, moderate reactivity at the beginning of the process of polymerization to avoid burring the inner polymer particles and substantial reactivity at the end of polymerization so as to be anchored onto particle surfaces. 18 Among the described structures, maleic surfactants are the most promising because they are easy to prepare and do not enter homopolymerization. 19 The formation of polyelectrolytes in the water phase is thus avoided.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel polymerizable surfactants: synthesis and application in the emulsion polymerization of styrene

Mekki

Besbes

Elaı̈ssari

et al. 2010

Polym J

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A series of anionic maleic surfactants were synthesized, and their chemical structures were characterized by NMR. The synthesized surfmers were then used in emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of potassium persulfate as an initiator. The polymerization kinetics were investigated, and the obtained latex particles were characterized in terms of particle size and size distribution. The results obtained were compared with the emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of an SDS surfactant. The influences of the nature and concentration of surfmers on polymerization conversion and particle size in particular were investigated and discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel polymerizable surfactants: synthesis and application in the emulsion polymerization of styrene

Mekki

Besbes

Elaı̈ssari

et al. 2010

Polym J

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“…Methanol was introduced to quench the reaction and the mixture was poured into diethyl ether. After three times reprecipitation from THF into diethyl ether, the yellowcolored polymers were freeze-dried from benzene to give CH 3 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far a lot of macromonomers have been reported for design of various kinds of polymer microspheres. [1][2][3][4][5] In design of such macromonomers, considerable attention has been paid for control of hydrophiliclyophilic balance (HLB). To our experience, properly hydrophobically enhanced heads as well as properly long hydrophilic tails appear to be important in fine size control and stability of the microspheres to be obtained.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Syntheses of Poly(ethylene oxide-b-styrene oxide) Macromonomers and Their Application to Emulsion and Dispersion Copolymerizations with Styrene

Imai

Kawaguchi

Ito

2003

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:Poly(ethylene oxide-b-styrene oxide) macromonomers carrying p-vinylbenzyl ether end group were prepared by sequential anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide and styrene oxide with potassium 2-methoxyethoxide, followed by reaction with p-vinylbenzyl bromide to the end-group functionality up to 85%. The macromonomers have been successfully applied to emulsion and dispersion copolymerizations with styrene to afford monodisperse polymeric microsheres in water and in methanol-water (9/1 v/v) mixture, respectively. Incorporation of the macromonomer into the particle is more effective, so resulting in smaller particle size, in the emulsion than in the dispersion system. The particle size in the latter system decreased with the macromonomer concentration in accord with a previously proposed power-law theory and with the chain length of the styrene oxide block.KEY WORDS Macromonomers / Ethylene Oxide / Styrene Oxide / Block / p-Vinylbenzyl EndGroup / Emulsion / Dispersion / Amphiphilic macromonomers find increasing concern in view of their potential use for preparation of polymeric microspheres of submicron to micron size by emulsion and dispersion copolymerizations with a hydrophobic monomer in water and alcoholic media, respectively, without conventional surfactants ('soapfree'). They are usually composed of hydrophilic polymer chains (tails) and the hydrophobic polymerizable end groups (heads), which copolymerize in situ with a substrate hydrophobic monomer to afford graft copolymers. So they serve as effective stabilizers firmly (covalently) attached on the particle surfaces in such a manner that the hydrophobic heads act as anchors while the hydrophilic tails work as steric stabilizers against flocculation. So far a lot of macromonomers have been reported for design of various kinds of polymer microspheres. [1][2][3][4][5] In design of such macromonomers, considerable attention has been paid for control of hydrophiliclyophilic balance (HLB). To our experience, properly hydrophobically enhanced heads as well as properly long hydrophilic tails appear to be important in fine size control and stability of the microspheres to be obtained. In case of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers with styryl or methacrylate end groups, introduction of some alkylene spacers 6-9 has been successful in this regard. Also interesting is the amphiphilic macromonomer of block copolymer type, 10-14 in which hydrophilic segments are connected through hydrophobic segments to polymerizable end groups. Examples include block macromonomers from poly(2-oxazoline)s, 10, 11 PEO-b-polystyrene (PSt), 12 PEO-bpoly(butylene oxide), In extension of our PEO macromonomer studies, in this paper we discuss preparation of PEO-bpoly(styrene oxide) (PSO) macromonomers with pvinylbenzyl (VB) end groups for use in emulsion and dispersion copolymerization with styrene. Here we expected that PSO segments with VB would provide good balance with the hydrophilic PEO chains for particle size control. The surface properties of PEO-b-PSO block copolymer...

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“…Estos grupos funcionales son localizados generalmente al final de la secuencia hidrofóbica mientras que la estructura hidrofílica es compuesta por poli oxido de etileno. Algunos de los grupos funcionales de mayor uso son del tipo alílico, maléico, metacrílico y vinílico [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . Debido a que los surfactantes polimerizables quedan fijos en las estructura del polímero, no representan ningún riesgo ambiental.…”

Section: Contenidos De Sólidos Y De Monómero Residual De Una Resina Eunclassified

Efecto del Uso de Surfactantes Polimerizables en la Distribución de Tamaño de Partícula, pH, Viscosidad, Contenidos de Sólidos y de Monómero Residual de una Resina Estireno-Butilacrilato

Ríos¹,

Ocampo²,

Franco³

et al. 2013

Polímeros

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Resumen: Se presentan los resultados de la polimerización en emulsión de una resina acrílica estirenada usando surfactantes polimerizables, los cuales presentan ventajas técnicas como baja formación de espuma, alta resistencia de la película al contacto con agua y buena estabilidad en la polimerización. Se evaluó el efecto de estos surfactantes polimerizables en la distribución de tamaños de partícula de la resina; además se determinaron propiedades finales de la resina tales como porcentaje de sólidos, porcentaje de monómero libre, viscosidad y pH. Estos resultados se compararon con los obtenidos usando surfactantes convencionales no polimerizables del tipo alquil fenol etoxilado y alquilarilpoliglicol éter sulfato de sodio. Los resultados indican que que se pueden remplazar totalmente los surfactantes convencionales no polimerizables por los surfactantes poliméricos evaluados sin afectar significativamente las propiedades de la resina, mientras que la sustitución parcial de los surfactantes no polimerizables por los polimerizables induce, en algunos casos, a la formación de partículas con mayor tamaño a las presentes en la muestra estándar. Palabras clave: Polimerización, emulsión, surfactantes polimerizables, resinas. Effect of Polymerizable Surfactants on Particle Size Distribution, pH, Viscosity, Contents of Solids and Residual Monomer of a Styrene-butylacrylate ResinAbstract: Results on the emulsion polymerization of a styrenated acrylic resin using polymerizable surfactants are presented. These surfactants exhibit low foaming, high film strength upon contact with water and good stability in the polymerization. A comparison was made with results for conventional non-polymerizable alkyl aryl polyglycol ether sulphate, sodium salt and nonylphenolethoxylate surfactants. The effect of these polymerizable surfactants on the particle size distribution of the resin was evaluated; in addition to determining the final properties of the resin such as solids content, free monomer content, viscosity and pH. It is feasible to totally replace non-polymerizable surfactants by the polymerizable surfactants evaluated without affecting significantly the properties of the resin, while partial substitution of the non-polymerizable surfactants induces, in some cases, the formation of particles with larger sizes than those in the standard resin. Keywords: Polymerization, emulsion, polymerizable surfactants, resins. IntroducciónEn el campo de los recubrimientos, la tecnología de los polímeros afronta ambiciosos retos para lograr productos con bajos niveles en emisión de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (VOCs), alta durabilidad a la intemperie, rápido curado, buena adhesión a diferentes sustratos y baja sensibilidad a la humedad [1][2][3][4] . Cada vez son más los procesos que se están encaminando a la producción de polímeros en emulsión, en los cuales se busca obtener una dispersión de los monómeros en un liquido inmiscible con ellos, que generalmente es agua. Uno de los polímeros en emulsión más representativo son las resinas acr...

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Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization

Cited by 133 publications

References 85 publications

Novel polymerizable surfactants: synthesis and application in the emulsion polymerization of styrene

Novel polymerizable surfactants: synthesis and application in the emulsion polymerization of styrene

Syntheses of Poly(ethylene oxide-b-styrene oxide) Macromonomers and Their Application to Emulsion and Dispersion Copolymerizations with Styrene

Efecto del Uso de Surfactantes Polimerizables en la Distribución de Tamaño de Partícula, pH, Viscosidad, Contenidos de Sólidos y de Monómero Residual de una Resina Estireno-Butilacrilato

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