Reactive Secondary Sequence Oxidative Pathology Polymer Model and Antioxidant Tests

Abstract

Aims To provide common Organic Chemistry/Polymer Science thermoset free-radical crosslinking Sciences for Medical understanding and also present research findings for several common vitamins/antioxidants with a new class of drugs known as free-radical inhibitors. Study Design Peroxide/Fenton transition-metal redox couples that generate free radicals were combined with unsaturated lipid oils to demonstrate thermoset-polymer chain growth by crosslinking with the α-β-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein into rubbery/adhesive solids. Further, Vitamin A and beta carotene were similarly studied for crosslink pathological potential. Also, free-radical inhibitor hydroquinone was compared for antioxidant capability with Vitamin E. Place and Duration of Study Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomaterials, University of Alabama at Birmingham, between June 2005 and August 2012. Methodology Observations were recorded for Fenton free-radical crosslinking of unsaturated lipids and vitamin A/beta carotene by photography further with weight measurements and percent-shrinkage testing directly related to covalent crosslinking of unsaturated lipids recorded over time with different concentrations of acrolein. Also, hydroquinone and vitamin E were compared at concentrations from 0.0–7.3wt% as antioxidants for reductions in percent-shrinkage measurements, n = 5. Results Unsaturated lipid oils responded to Fenton thermoset-polymer reactive secondary sequence reactions only by acrolein with crosslinking into rubbery-type solids and different non-solid gluey products. Further, molecular oxygen crosslinking was demonstrated with lipid peroxidation and acrolein at specially identified margins. By peroxide/Fenton free-radical testing, both vitamin A and beta-carotene demonstrated possible pathology chemistry for chain-growth crosslinking. During lipid/acrolein testing over a 50 hour time period at 7.3wt% antioxidants, hydroquinone significantly reduced percent shrinkage greatly compared to the standard antioxidant vitamin E, %shrinkage at 11.6 ±1.3 for hydroquinone and 27.8 ±2.2 for vitamin E, P = .001. Conclusion Free radicals crosslinked unsaturated lipid fatty acids into thermoset polymers through Fenton reactions when combined with acrolein. Further, hydroquinone was a superior antioxidant to vitamin E.

Titanium Implant Osseointegration Problems with Alternate Solutions Using Epoxy/Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite

“…Bone formed cells then preferentially seek carbon fibers to discharge excess electrons produced from the electron transport chain during mitochondrial energy synthesis concurrent with hypoxia, otherwise damaging free radicals could be produced [ 5 ]. Conductivity confers potential to remove inflammatory surgical free radicals [ 5 ] to form possible covalent bonds with exposed unpaired electrons [ 62 ] from the polymer by pH degradation. Overall, carbon fibers act as a permanent antioxidant to distribute free radicals that could prevent bone growth [ 5 ].…”

“…In terms of potential problems arising without proper electron distribution, higher-than-normal electron concentrations can enter into free-radical crosslinking reactions to produce structured molecules [ 62 ]. The molecular structure then has the ability to interfere with normal biological diffusion or flow to prevent nutritive delivery to cells and even oxygen can be blocked that complicates physiology into pathological states [ 62 , 69 ].…”

“…In terms of potential problems arising without proper electron distribution, higher-than-normal electron concentrations can enter into free-radical crosslinking reactions to produce structured molecules [ 62 ]. The molecular structure then has the ability to interfere with normal biological diffusion or flow to prevent nutritive delivery to cells and even oxygen can be blocked that complicates physiology into pathological states [ 62 , 69 ]. Electron transfer reactions are extremely fast [ 63 ] and become particularly prevalent when free radical concentrations build which is the condition during disease with pathology [ 62 , 69 ] that should require fast conduction unloading of excess cell electrons.…”

“…The molecular structure then has the ability to interfere with normal biological diffusion or flow to prevent nutritive delivery to cells and even oxygen can be blocked that complicates physiology into pathological states [ 62 , 69 ]. Electron transfer reactions are extremely fast [ 63 ] and become particularly prevalent when free radical concentrations build which is the condition during disease with pathology [ 62 , 69 ] that should require fast conduction unloading of excess cell electrons. Also, high free-radical concentrations might encompass problems related to surgical inflammation as tissue heals.…”

“…By similar free-radical electron transfer chemistry, biologic crosslinking could explain the coarse or clumping chromatin of DNA to DNA or DNA to protein [ 69 ] and protein agglomeration with insoluble accumulation [ 70 , 71 ] that overall could interfere with implant healing. Subsequent carbon-fiber-reinforced PMC has electrical conductivity/resistivity properties bordering on semiconducting bone properties also with polymer insulated carbon-fiber conductive biocircuits to support vital biocompatible physiological relationships [ 2 , 5 , 14 , 19 ] in preventing electron free-radical build up related to damaging increased molecular structure [ 62 ].…”