Reactive oxygen species associated immunoregulation post influenza virus infection

Abstract

An appropriate level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for cell proliferation, signaling transduction, and apoptosis due to their highly reactive character. ROS are generated through multiple metabolic pathways under a fine-tuned control between oxidant and antioxidant signaling. A growing number of evidence has proved their highly relevant role in modulating inflammation during influenza virus infection. As a network of biological process for protecting organism from invasion of pathogens, immune system can react and fight back through either innate immune system or adaptive immune system, or both. Herein, we provide a review about the mechanisms of ROS generation when encounter influenza virus infection, and how the imbalanced level of ROS influences the replication of virus. We also summarize the pathways used by both the innate and adaptive immune system to sense and attack the invaded virus and abnormal levels of ROS. We further review the limitation of current strategies and discuss the direction of future work.

Lipid Peroxidation in Muscle Foods: Impact on Quality, Safety and Human Health

“…Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in both the pathogenesis and infectivity of the influenza virus. It has been demonstrated that mortality in influenza patients results not from the direct effects of the virus but from the deleterious impact of free radical mediators and reactive oxygen species induced during and in response to the infection [ 427 ].…”

Anti-inflammatory effects of medications used for viral infection-induced respiratory diseases

“…In addition to the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species are also released during influenza virus infection through mechanisms such as the activation of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase [ [75] , [76] , [77] ].…”

Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies

“…Oxygen (O 2 ), found in the atmosphere, is one of the most important components that sustain life in organisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the term used to describe partially reduced oxygen metabolites [9]. Depending on the number of unpaired electrons present on the outer shell, ROS can be classified into radical: superoxide anion (O 2 •-), hydroxyl radical (OH • ), hydroperoxide radical (HO 2…”

“…the oxidation of intracellular macromolecules, making them the key element regulating cellular activity [9,10]. ROS, initially considered potentially harmful byproducts of aerobic metabolism, are one of the elements of the intracellular signal transduction system and actively participate in the body's defense against infectious agents.…”

“…ROS, initially considered potentially harmful byproducts of aerobic metabolism, are one of the elements of the intracellular signal transduction system and actively participate in the body's defense against infectious agents. A proper level of ROS is essential for cellular processes, like cell growth, signaling and apoptosis, however, an excessive amount of ROS contributes to exacerbating inflammation, ROS accumulation due to the inability to neutralize them, and ultimately to apoptosis and tissue damage [9]. During inflammation, activated macrophages and neutrophils can produce large amounts of peroxides and Participation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of food allergies their derivatives, which maintains their high concentration in the vicinity of these cells.…”