Reactive Oxygen Species and the Redox-Regulatory Network in Cold Stress Acclimation

Abstract

Cold temperatures restrict plant growth, geographical extension of plant species, and agricultural practices. This review deals with cold stress above freezing temperatures often defined as chilling stress. It focuses on the redox regulatory network of the cell under cold temperature conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as the final electron sink in this network which consists of redox input elements, transmitters, targets, and sensors. Following an introduction to the critical network components which include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent thioredoxin reductases, thioredoxins, and peroxiredoxins, typical laboratory experiments for cold stress investigations will be described. Short term transcriptome and metabolome analyses allow for dissecting the early responses of network components and complement the vast data sets dealing with changes in the antioxidant system and ROS. This review gives examples of how such information may be integrated to advance our knowledge on the response and function of the redox regulatory network in cold stress acclimation. It will be exemplarily shown that targeting the redox network might be beneficial and supportive to improve cold stress acclimation and plant yield in cold climate.

Effect of low‐temperature storage on the content of folate, vitamin B6, ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in potatoes

“…Increases in folate content during cold storage may be the consequence of a greater demand for reducing power and increased lipid unsaturation under cold stress. Indeed, plants build up their antioxidant defenses to prevent damages caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under cold stress . They also enhance lipid unsaturation to maintain cell membrane fluidity, as was shown in potato tubers exposed to cold stress, for instance .…”

“…They also enhance lipid unsaturation to maintain cell membrane fluidity, as was shown in potato tubers exposed to cold stress, for instance . Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is used by glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase to reduce oxidized glutathione and monodehydroascorbate, respectively, into reduced glutathione and ascorbate (i.e., vitamin C), two very important ROS scavengers, as well as by NADPH‐dependent thioredoxin reductase to reduce thioredoxins . Thioredoxins are redox transmitters to ROS detoxifying enzymes such as peroxidases .…”

“…Indeed, plants build up their antioxidant defenses to prevent damages caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under cold stress. 17 They also enhance lipid unsaturation to maintain cell membrane fluidity, as was shown in potato tubers exposed to cold stress, for instance. 18 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is used by glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase to reduce oxidized glutathione and monodehydroascorbate, respectively, into reduced glutathione and ascorbate (i.e., vitamin C), two very important ROS scavengers, as well as by NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase to reduce thioredoxins.…”

“…17,19 Thioredoxins are redox transmitters to ROS detoxifying enzymes such as peroxidases. 17 Fatty acid desaturases also require NADPH to introduce double bonds into the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids to produce unsaturated fatty acids. Recently, folate was shown to be a large contributor of NADPH production in animal and plant cells.…”

A point mutation in LTT1 enhances cold tolerance at the booting stage in rice

“…Relevant researches have unveiled that the cellular ROS level is very sensitive to temperature changes, and maintaining ROS homeostasis associates intimately with the adaptation to extreme temperature in rice (Baxter, Mittler, & Suzuki, 2014;Zhang et al, 2016). Under cold stress, the intracellular ROS level increases dramatically, which would activate rapidly the antioxidant defence systems by upregulating the expression of genes involved in ROS scavenging (Dreyer & Dietz, 2018). On the other hand, increased ROS level would trigger multiple regulatory networks such as MAPK cascades and MYB-and WRKY-mediated transcriptional regulation to activate cold-responsive signalling pathways (Cheng et al, 2007;Peres, Basu, Ramegowda, Braga, & Pereira, 2016;Tao et al, 2011;Xie, Kato, & Imai, 2012;Zhang et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2016).…”