Reactive Milling Induced Structure Changes in Phenylphosphonic Acid Functionalized LiMn₂O₄ Nanocrystals – Synthesis, Rietveld Refinement, and Thermal Stability

Abstract

Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 formed in a solid-state reaction was treated with a high energy planetary ball mill. A mechanochemical in situ surface functionalization of the nanocrystallites with a size smaller than 10 nm was achieved by addition of phenylphosphonic acid. The functionalization was proven by infrared spectroscopy and it can be shown that it prevents the formation of Mn 2 O 3 during the milling process. Structural changes of the samples were investigated via XRD and Rietveld refinement. Mild milling conditions induce an anisotropic broadening of the reflections caused by a distribution of lattice parameters. In this [a]

Mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured and composite oxide ceramics: From mechanisms to tailored properties

“…LiFePO 4 has great potential as a cathode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. At the same time, it has been found that the ground nanomaterials such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ), lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO 3 ), 186 lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), 187,188 and lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ) [189][190][191][192] have better electrochemical performance. These materials could also provide higher energy density, longer cycle life, and better rate capability for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries.…”