Reactive glial cells in CNS demyelination contain both GC and GFAP

Carroll, William M.; Jennings, A.R.; Mastaglia, Frank

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91088-2

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…2a,b) was consistent with that of developing oligodendrocytes (Espinosa de 10s Monteros et al, 1986;Gard andPfeiffer, 1989,1990;Knapp et al, 1988;Sontheimer et al, 1989). Similar double staining with GFAP and GC has been observed in cells derived from neonatal rat optic nerves (Raff et al, 1983;Temple and Raff, 1985), neonatal corpus striatum (Vaysse and Goldman, 19901, and neonatal murine cerebral cortex (Ingraham and McCarthy, 19891, and has also been observed in vivo (Carroll et a]., 1987;Choi, 1986;Choi et al, 1983). In this regard, our results are consistent with the conclusions of Ingraham and McCarthy (1989) that these cells are capable of switching their phenotypic expression, though the relevance to normal development or pathological conditions is not known.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Spinal cord astrocytes in vitro: Phenotypic diversity and sodium channel immunoreactivity

Ja¹,

Sontheimer²,

Sg³

1993

Glia

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The expression of sodium channels in morphologically and antigenically distinct astrocytes derived from neonatal rat spinal cords was examined at various times in culture. During the course of this study [2-40 days in vitro (DIV)], nine morphologies of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ cells were distinguished: 1a) flat, fibroblast-like; 1b) elongated, with generally few, short processes; 1c) triangular soma with three short, stubby processes; 1d) bipolar with long, slender processes; 1e) bipolar with broad, flared processes; 1f) stellate with radially oriented slender processes extending from a small to moderate-sized soma; 1g) multiple short, stubby processes extending from a moderate-sized soma; 1h) flat, roundish shape with either a smooth edge ("pancake"-like) or numerous very short processes; and 1i) broad, elongated cell body with orthogonally oriented short, spike-like processes. Not all cell types were present at all times in culture. Each type of astrocyte displayed sodium channel immunoreactivity at some time in culture; however, different types of astrocytes exhibited different patterns, over time, of sodium channel staining. Sodium channel immunoreactivity in all astrocyte types was reduced to low levels by 14 DIV, and was not detectable at 40 DIV. Except for types 1b and 1e, A2B5 staining was present on all astrocyte morphologies at some time in culture, and was generally attenuated with longer times in vitro; in contrast to cultures derived from neonatal rat optic nerve, A2B5 staining does not distinguish unequivocally between the various classes of morphologically different astrocytes derived from spinal cord. O4 immunoreactivity was consistently observed only on bipolar, elongated, and process-bearing astrocytes, though not all process-bearing astrocytes were O4+. These results demonstrate that astrocytes derived from neonatal spinal cord are morphologically and antigenically heterogeneous. Moreover, while spinal cord astrocytes express sodium channels, these astrocytes exhibit a time-course of channel expression that is different from astrocytes derived from several other CNS regions where sodium channel staining is maintained even for extended times in culture, suggesting a regional modulation of astrocyte function.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Spinal cord astrocytes in vitro: Phenotypic diversity and sodium channel immunoreactivity

Ja¹,

Sontheimer²,

Sg³

1993

Glia

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“…Such a coexistence of astrogliosis and myelin degeneration has been observed in other natural and experimental disorders/diseases of CNS myelin, [31][32][33] suggesting myelin degeneration can activate astrocytes. Indeed, demyelination has been shown to be a major stimulus for the subsequent induction of astrogliosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Vacuolar Leukoencephalopathy with Widespread Astrogliosis in Mice Lacking Transcription Factor Nrf2

Hubbs

Benkovic

Miller

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Pathology

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NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an oxidant-activated CNC bZip transcription factor, has been implicated in defense against oxidative stress and chemical insults in a range of cell and tissue types, including the central nervous system. Here, we report that deletion of the Nrf2 gene in mice caused vacuolar (spongiform) leukoencephalopathy with widespread astrogliosis. The leukoencephalopathy was present in all Nrf2-null mice more than 10 months of age, was characterized by vacuolar degeneration involving all major brain regions, and was most apparent in the white tracts of the cerebellum and pons. Vacuolar degeneration in white tracts was attributable to myelin unwinding and intramyelinic cysts, and double-label immunofluorescence for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and myelin basic protein localized free-radical-induced oxidative damage to the myelin sheath. Moreover, the brains of Nrf2-null mice exhibited widespread astrocyte activation with profusion of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive glial processes. The study uncovered a possible physiological role for Nrf2 in maintaining central nervous system myelin. If this role is confirmed, it may suggest new approaches to treating genetically and chemically induced myelin degenerative diseases.

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“…Unlike EB, αGalC causes demyelination without damage to astrocytes or axons (Carroll et al 1987;Dyer and Benjamins 1990). Galactocerebroside is a major sphingolipid constituent of myelin (Sergott et al 1984;Mastaglia et al 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Probing the influence of myelin and glia on the tensile properties of the spinal cord

Shreiber

Hao

Elias

2008

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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Although glia have been historically classified as the structurally supporting cells of the central nervous system, their role in tissue mechanics is still largely unstudied. The influence of myelin and glia on the mechanical properties of spinal cord tissue was examined by testing embryonic day 18 chick embryo spinal cords in uniaxial tension following disruption of the glial matrix using either ethidium bromide (EB) or an antibody against galactocerebroside (alphaGalC) in the presence of complement. Demyelination was confirmed by myelin basic protein immunoreactivity and quantified using osmium tetroxide staining. A substantial loss of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes concurrent with demyelination was observed following EB injection but not alphaGalC injection. No morphological changes were observed following injection of saline or IgG with complement as controls for EB and alphaGalC. Demyelinated spinal cords demonstrated significantly lower stiffness and ultimate tensile stress than myelinated spinal cords. No significant differences were observed in the tensile response between the two demyelinating protocols. The results demonstrate that the glial matrix provides significant mechanical support to the spinal cord, and suggests that myelin and cellular coupling of axons via the glial matrix in large part dictates the tensile response of the tissue.

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Reactive glial cells in CNS demyelination contain both GC and GFAP

Cited by 33 publications

References 17 publications

Spinal cord astrocytes in vitro: Phenotypic diversity and sodium channel immunoreactivity

Spinal cord astrocytes in vitro: Phenotypic diversity and sodium channel immunoreactivity

Vacuolar Leukoencephalopathy with Widespread Astrogliosis in Mice Lacking Transcription Factor Nrf2

Probing the influence of myelin and glia on the tensile properties of the spinal cord

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