Reactive functionalization of poly(lactic acid), PLA: Effects of the reactive modifier, initiator and processing conditions on the final grafted maleic anhydride content and molecular weight of PLA

Detyothin, Sukeewan; Selke, Susan; Narayan, Ramáni; Rubino, Maria; Auras, Rafael

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.001

Cited by 91 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The analysis of the heat flow curves at the first heating scan confirmed that limited variations were observed for the main melting event for samples obtained with the two different techniques, while an additional exothermic peak (a shoulder crystallization peak) that occurs prior to the major melting peak was observed in the case of extruded PLA bionanocomposites. A small melt recrystallization exotherm preceding the main melting endotherm of PLA appears, due to rapid cooling, already reported in He et al [29,30]. The measured values of T g in the case of cast systems, at first heating scan, were lower than glass transition temperatures of extruded samples, due to the presence of residual solvent.…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Dsc)supporting

confidence: 59%

“…Moreover, the residual weight (char yield) obtained at 600°C also gradually increased from 0.02% for E-PLA up to 1.08 and 2.23% for E-PLA/1LNP and E-PLA/3LNP, respectively, due to the chemical structure of lignin, which was demonstrated to weakly contribute to material flammability due to a high charring ability and a low heat release when burning [30]. These positive results could be attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of LNPs in the PLA matrix by using a melt extrusion processing method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effect of processing conditions and lignin content on thermal, mechanical and degradative behavior of lignin nanoparticles/polylactic (acid) bionanocomposites prepared by melt extrusion and solvent casting

Yang

Fortunati

Dominici

et al. 2015

European Polymer Journal

156

101

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Section: Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Dsc)supporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of processing conditions and lignin content on thermal, mechanical and degradative behavior of lignin nanoparticles/polylactic (acid) bionanocomposites prepared by melt extrusion and solvent casting

Yang

Fortunati

Dominici

et al. 2015

European Polymer Journal

156

101

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“…19 Reactive Blending of Binary and Ternary Polymers For producing the binary polymer blends, PLA or PLA-g-MA resins were blended with TPCS resins at a ratio of 70/30 by weight. Details of this modified methodology are described elsewhere.…”

Section: Compounding Of Tpcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of molecular weight and grafted maleic anhydride of functionalized polylactic acid used in reactive compatibilized binary and ternary blends of polylactic acid and thermoplastic cassava starch

Detyothin

Selke

Narayan

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polylactic acid (PLA) was reactively functionalized with maleic anhydride (MA) and 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)22,5-dimethylhexane (Luperox 101 or L101) using a twin screw extruder (TSE). The effects of functionality (grafted MA level) and/or number average molecular weight of functionalized PLA (PLA-g-MA) as the reactive polymer pairs (binary blends) and reactive compatibilizer (ternary blends) were investigated. Due to the dominant side reaction during melt free radical grafting, polymer degradation or chain scission, PLA-g-MA having a higher grafted MA had lower molecular weights and intrinsic viscosity as well as broader molecular weight distribution values. The thermal, physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of binary blends produced by using the TSE and injection molding at a ratio of 70 wt % PLA-g-MA and 30 wt % thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) were analyzed. The reactive blends having grafted MA more than 0.4 wt % had poor tensile strength and elongation at break. Similar trends in morphology and tensile properties were observed in the reactive ternary blends. The use of PLA-g-MA strongly impacted the elongation at break but not the modulus or tensile strength. An increase of PLA-g-MA's number average molecular weight (M n or M n ) improved the tensile properties of the blends. The reactive ternary blend having 0.1 wt % grafted MA on PLA and PLA-g-MA basis and PLA-g-MA's M n of 45 kDa offered the highest elongation at break.

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“…However, the D g of MA on the PLA is usually low, e.g., lower than 0.52 wt % [14]. Furthermore, the D g and the grafting parameters were not systematically reported in some literatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…MA is popular among these grafting pendants due to its difficulty in homopolymerization and the benefit of cell attachment and proliferation [13]. MA was grafted onto PLA by the melt free-radical grafting method with a maximum grafting degree (D g ) of 0.52 wt % [14]. Wu [15] grafted MA onto PLA chains via the solvent free-radical grafting method and the maleated PLA was subsequently used to make PLA-g-MA/green coconut fiber (GCF) blends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt Free-Radical Grafting of Maleic Anhydride onto Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) by Using Styrene as A Comonomer

Jiang

et al. 2014

Polymers

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Maleic anhydride (MA) was grafted onto poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the presence of styrene (St) by using a free-radical grafting methodology. The grafting degree (D g ) of MA was increased from 0.65 wt % to 1.1 wt % with the St/MA ratio up to 2/1, where the grafting efficiency (E g ) of MA was 27%. However, both D g and E g were decreased with further increasing of the St/MA ratio to 4/1. The D g of MA increased with MA concentration and showed a maximum at 180 °C in the temperature range of 165 °C-190 °C. The grafting mechanisms of MA in the presence of St are analyzed based on titration, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared results, i.e., MA is grafted onto PLA chains via single monomers and a charge-transfer-complex (CTC) at St/MA ratios of ≤ 1/1, while dominantly via St-co-MA oligomers at St/MA ratios of around 2/1. Copolymerization rather than grafting of St and MA occurs at St/MA ratios of around 4/1. The thermal stability of PLA was compromised to a certain extent by the grafting of MA, resulting in reductions in the decomposition temperature (T d-5% ) and molecular weight of the PLA. In addition, the crystallization and melting temperatures of the PLA were slightly reduced after the grafting.

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Reactive functionalization of poly(lactic acid), PLA: Effects of the reactive modifier, initiator and processing conditions on the final grafted maleic anhydride content and molecular weight of PLA

Cited by 91 publications

References 40 publications

Effect of processing conditions and lignin content on thermal, mechanical and degradative behavior of lignin nanoparticles/polylactic (acid) bionanocomposites prepared by melt extrusion and solvent casting

Effect of processing conditions and lignin content on thermal, mechanical and degradative behavior of lignin nanoparticles/polylactic (acid) bionanocomposites prepared by melt extrusion and solvent casting

Effects of molecular weight and grafted maleic anhydride of functionalized polylactic acid used in reactive compatibilized binary and ternary blends of polylactic acid and thermoplastic cassava starch

Melt Free-Radical Grafting of Maleic Anhydride onto Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) by Using Styrene as A Comonomer

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