Reactive extraction of penicillin G in hollow-fiber and hollow-fiber fabric modules

Penicillin G solubilisation into AOT reverse micelles

“…Penicillin G, also known as benzyl penicillin, is a widely used antibiotic that has also been used as a raw material for semi-synthetic penicillin [1]. Various separation methods such as solvent extraction, ion-exchange, chromatography, crystallisation, or a combination of these, have been used for the recovery of antibiotics, however solvent extraction due to its effectiveness and favourable economics is the most widely used [2].…”

“…Solvent extraction has several difficulties which can cause problems such as final product contamination, low extraction yield, clogging of equipment, and high solvent losses [1,3,4]. Therefore new separation techniques have been studied to overcome the difficulties experienced whilst using conventional solvent extraction for penicillin G. Some of the techniques that have been the subject of experimental studies include ultrafiltration and nanofiltration [3,5], liquid surfactant membranes [6], and reactive extraction [1].…”

Performance Evaluation of Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors for Dispersion-Free Extraction of Cu2+ through Modelling and Simulation

“…Likewise mass transfer correlations for fluid flowing inside lumen of both the modules is described by Leveque equation and widely applied by various researchers using solute extraction in the same modules [22][23][24].…”

Extraction equilibria of penicillin G in four different types of organic solvent systems

“…It has been physically extracted with n-butyl acetate at low pH in conventional solvent extraction processes, but loss of penicillin G due to its instability, high solubility of the organic solvent into aqueous feed phase and a low recovery yield of penicillin G have not made the processes economical. In order to overcome the disadvantages of the physical extraction process, therefore, chemical reaction between penicillin G and amines has been introduced into various liquid-liquid extraction and liquid membrane systems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] since Reschke and Shü gerl [8][9][10] pioneered reactive extraction of penicillin G using amine extractants. Equilibrium expressions of the chemical reaction are dependent on organic solvent types [2,4], but they have not been rightly used in some penicillin extraction systems, thereby resulting in a wrong transport mechanism of penicillin G.…”