Reactivation of herpes simplex virus-1 following epilepsy surgery

Almeida, Sérgio Monteiro de; Crippa, Ana C. S.; Cruz, Cristina; Paola, Luciano De; Souza, L P; Noronha, Lúcia de; Torres, Luis Fernando Bleggi; Koneski, Julio A.S.; Pessa, Luís Felipe Cavalli; Nogueira, Meri Bordignon; Raboni, Sônia Mara; Silvado, Carlos Eduardo; Vidal, Luíne Rosele Renaud

doi:10.1016/j.ebcr.2014.08.007

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In a reverse effect, surgery for treatment of epilepsy can cause the relapse of HSE, as described in several case reports: Bourgeois et al ( 1999 ), Kim et al ( 2013 ), Uda et al ( 2013 ), Lo Presti et al ( 2015 ), de Almeida et al ( 2015 ) and Alonso-Vanegas et al ( 2016 ). HSE relapse presumably occurs because of reactivation of existing HSV1 DNA in the brain caused by axonal cutting—a known reactivator of the virus.…”

Section: Links Among Epilepsy and Ad Apoe Hhv6 Hsv1 And Herpes Simmentioning

confidence: 95%

Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer’s Disease

Itzhaki

2018

Front. Aging Neurosci.

185

149

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Strong evidence has emerged recently for the concept that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) is a major risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This concept proposes that latent HSV1 in brain of carriers of the type 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-ε4) is reactivated intermittently by events such as immunosuppression, peripheral infection, and inflammation, the consequent damage accumulating, and culminating eventually in the development of AD. Population data to investigate this epidemiologically, e.g., to find if subjects treated with antivirals might be protected from developing dementia—are available in Taiwan, from the National Health Insurance Research Database, in which 99.9% of the population has been enrolled. This is being extensively mined for information on microbial infections and disease. Three publications have now appeared describing data on the development of senile dementia (SD), and the treatment of those with marked overt signs of disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), or by HSV. The striking results show that the risk of SD is much greater in those who are HSV-seropositive than in seronegative subjects, and that antiviral treatment causes a dramatic decrease in number of subjects who later develop SD. It should be stressed that these results apply only to those with severe cases of HSV1 or VZV infection, but when considered with the over 150 publications that strongly support an HSV1 role in AD, they greatly justify usage of antiherpes antivirals to treat AD. Three other studies are described which directly relate to HSV1 and AD: they deal respectively with lysosomal changes in HSV1-infected cell cultures, with evidence for a role of human herpes virus type 6 and 7 (HHV6 and HHV7) in AD, and viral effects on host gene expression, and with the antiviral characteristics of beta amyloid (Aβ). Three indirectly relevant studies deal respectively with schizophrenia, relating to antiviral treatment to target HSV1, with the likelihood that HSV1 is a cause of fibromyalgia (FM), and with FM being associated with later development of SD. Studies on the link between epilepsy, AD and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) are described also, as are the possible roles of APOE-ε4, HHV6 and HSV1 in epilepsy.

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Section: Links Among Epilepsy and Ad Apoe Hhv6 Hsv1 And Herpes Simmentioning

confidence: 95%

Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer’s Disease

Itzhaki

2018

Front. Aging Neurosci.

185

149

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“…HVS-1 is the leading agent of viral encephalitis, with an incidence of 2 or 3 cases per million people, per year [ 111 ]. Studies suggest that encephalitis caused by HSV-1 replication increases the likelihood of spontaneous seizures and epilepsy by approximately 20%.…”

Section: Neurological Disorders and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral infections and their relationship to neurological disorders

et al. 2021

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The chronic dysfunction of neuronal cells, both central and peripheral, a characteristic of neurological disorders, may be caused by irreversible damage and cell death. In 2016, more than 276 million cases of neurological disorders were reported worldwide. Moreover, neurological disorders are the second leading cause of death. Generally, the etiology of neurological diseases is not fully understood. Recent studies have related the onset of neurological disorders to viral infections, which may cause neurological symptoms or lead to immune responses that trigger these pathological signs. Currently, this relationship is mostly based on epidemiological data on infections and seroprevalence of patients who present with neurological disorders. The number of studies aiming to elucidate the mechanism of action by which viral infections may directly or indirectly contribute to the development of neurological disorders has been increasing over the years but these studies are still scarce. Comprehending the pathogenesis of these diseases and exploring novel theories may favor the development of new strategies for diagnosis and therapy in the future. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review the main pieces of evidence for the relationship between viral infection and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Viruses belonging to the families Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Retroviridae have been reported to be involved in one or more of these conditions. Also, neurological symptoms and the future impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2, a member of the family Coronaviridae that is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic that started in late 2019, are reported and discussed.

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“…PCR is both sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of HSV encephalitis and has revolutionized practice; however, it is important to note that the results may not become positive for 24-48 hours following initial symptoms and will remain positive for 2-5 days following treatment. 7,33 If undiagnosed, HSV-1 encephalitis is associated with high mortality and high morbidity in survivors, often leaving patients with dis- abilities including memory changes, language disorders, and mutism. 5,28 Early treatment with acyclovir decreases expected mortality from 70% to 30%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our review of 40 cases of postoperative neurosurgical patients with HSV diagnosis following craniotomy, 12 (30%) patients died and 1 had unreported outcome due to hospital transfer. [1][2][3][4][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]26,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Fever, headache, and altered mental status were common presenting symptoms and started anywhere from POD 1 to POD 90, with a majority occurring in a delayed fashion between PODs 7 and 12. 1-4, 6-24, 26, 30-36 Surgical site varied and does not alone explain potential reactivation of HSV, although it is unknown how many of these patients received perioperative steroids.…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 Many cases, as many as two-thirds, are due to virus reactivation rather than a primary infection, as 90% of the population is infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV). 7,25 Neurosurgical intervention can potentially cause reactivation of HSV, although the true incidence rate is unknown since it is rarely considered a postoperative complication. We present the case of a 72-year-old immunocompetent man with HSE following craniotomy for meningioma resection.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Herpes simplex reactivation following neurosurgery: case report and review of the literature

McLaughlin

Achey

Geertman

et al. 2019

Neurosurgical Focus

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Herpes simplex encephalitis is a common viral encephalitis associated with significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated early. Neurosurgery may be an impetus for viral reactivation, either from direct nerve manipulation or high-dose steroids often administered during cases. The authors present the 40th known case of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis following neurosurgical intervention and review the previously reported cases. In their review, the authors observed positive HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which had initially been negative in several cases. In cases in which there is high suspicion of HSV, it may be prudent to continue antiviral therapy and retest CSF for HSV PCR. Antiviral therapy significantly reduces mortality associated with HSV encephalitis.

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Reactivation of herpes simplex virus-1 following epilepsy surgery

Cited by 18 publications

References 21 publications

Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer’s Disease

Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer’s Disease

Viral infections and their relationship to neurological disorders

Herpes simplex reactivation following neurosurgery: case report and review of the literature

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