REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS INTENSITY FOR THE MONKEY<sup>1</sup>

Stebbins, William C.; Miller, Josef M.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-309

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For levels near the hearing threshold, statistical measures of RT are affected by the animal's response criterion (Heil et al, 2006) and relatively long RTs often occur that result in deviation from simple power law behaviour (Pins and Bonnet, 2000;Stebbins and Miller, 1964;Wagner et al, 2004). Therefore, one or two median RTs (depending on the frequency) to low intensity signals (SnL <30 dB) were omitted when this substantially improved the model fits (omitted data are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Reaction Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Wensveen

Huijser²,

Hoek³

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Loudness perception by human infants and animals can be studied under the assumption that sounds of equal loudness elicit equal reaction times (RTs). Simple RTs of a harbour porpoise to narrowband frequency-modulated signals were measured using a behavioural method and an RT sensor based on infrared light. Equal latency contours, which connect equal RTs across frequencies, for reference values of 150−200 ms (10 ms intervals) were derived from median RTs to 1 s signals with sound pressure levels (SPLs) of 59-168 dB re. 1 μPa and centre frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 16, 31.5, 63, 80 and 125 kHz. The higher the signal level was above the hearing threshold of the harbour porpoise, the quicker the animal responded to the stimulus (median RT 98−522 ms). Equal latency contours roughly paralleled the hearing threshold at relatively low sensation levels (higher RTs). The difference in shape between the hearing threshold and the equal latency contours was more pronounced at higher levels (lower RTs); a flattening of the contours occurred for frequencies below 63 kHz. Relationships of the equal latency contour levels with the hearing threshold were used to create smoothed functions assumed to be representative of equal loudness contours. Auditory weighting functions were derived from these smoothed functions that may be used to predict perceived levels and correlated noise effects in the harbour porpoise, at least until actual equal loudness contours become available.

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Section: Analysis Of the Reaction Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Wensveen

Huijser²,

Hoek³

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The approach was first applied to non-human primates in studies by Stebbins and colleagues (Miller et al 1969;Stebbins and Miller 1964), who characterized the relationship between RT and stimulus intensity (visual or auditory). These investigators reported equal latency contours that share many of the features of our present observations (Stebbins 1966), including a compressed range of latency/loudness measures at high frequencies (Fig.…”

Section: Previous Animal Psychophysical Studies Of Loudness Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loudness Perception in the Domestic Cat: Reaction Time Estimates of Equal Loudness Contours and Recruitment Effects

May

Little

Saylor

2009

JARO

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The domestic cat is the primary physiological model of loudness coding and recruitment. At present, there are no published descriptions of loudness perception in this species. This study used a reaction time task to characterize loudness perception in six behaviorally trained cats. The psychophysical approach was based on the assumption that sounds of equal loudness elicit responses of equal latency. The resulting equal latency contours reproduced well-known features of human equal loudness contours. At the completion of normal baseline measures, the cats were exposed to intense sound to investigate the behavioral correlates of loudness recruitment, the abnormally rapid growth of loudness that is commonly associated with hearing loss. Observed recruitment effects were similar in magnitude to those that have been reported in hearing-impaired humans. Linear hearing aid amplification is known to improve speech intelligibility but also exacerbate recruitment in impaired listeners. The effects of speech spectra and amplification on recruitment were explored by measuring the growth of loudness for natural and amplified vowels before and after sound exposure. Vowels produced more recruitment than tones, and the effect was exacerbated by the selective amplification of formant structure. These findings support the adequacy of the domestic cat as a model system for future investigations of the auditory processes that underlie loudness perception, recruitment, and hearing aid design.

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“…There is evidence that Grice's theory can be applied to monkeys as well as humans. When Stebbins and Miller (1964) trained monkeys to press a key in response to tones of various intensities, they found that the intensity effect was greater when every response was rewarded than when only fast responses were rewarded. Finally, Henriksen (1971) attempted to manipulate his (human) subjects' response criterion by presenting either no feedback regarding their reaction time or feedback which was false but credible.…”

Section: Pure Strong Blocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus intensity and information processing

Nissen

1977

Perception & Psychophysics

137

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The physiological and behavioral literature regarding effects of stimulus intensity on the time course of information processing is reviewed. The physiological data describe intensity effects on the sensory pathway. Reaction time studies show that the effect of intensity on behavioral responses also depends on and may be mediated by more cognitive processes. The degree to which intensity affects simple reaction time varies directly with the response criterion subjects use. The lack of this dependence in choice reaction time may indicate different intensity effects on energy and nonenergy pathways. The literature suggests that intensity affects the time course of information processing not only by influencing the speed of processing in sensory pathways, but also by affecting alertness and the time required to direct attention to a stimulus.Stimulus intensity has been used extensively as an independent variable in psychological research, but· its use has been most closely associated with the field of psychophysics. As part of their general interest in the relation between stimulus magnitude and subjective magnitude, psychophysicists have relentlessly searched for the true law relating stimulus intensity to perceived intensity. There has been no doubt that the relationship is nonlinear. Rather, the questions have involved the type of nonlinearity that best describes the psychophysical data (logarithmic vs. power functions), the level in the processing system at which the nonlinear transformation occurs, and the dependence of the input-output relationship on such things as stimulus modality, duration, and size.The thoroughness of the psychophysicists' investigations of the effect of stimulus intensity on perceived intensity has not been paralleled by investigations of intensity effects on other psychological processes. It has been known since 1886 that reaction time decreases with stimulus intensity (Cattell, 1886). Recent studies in cognitive psychology have concentrated not on understanding how intensity affects reaction time but instead on using manipulation of intensity as a tool with which to investigate other cognitive factors. In Sternberg's (1969) influential stage model of information processing, stimulus intensity is explicitly assumed to affect only the earliest stages of encoding. Without questioning this assumption, psychologists have used intensity manipulations within the framework of the additive factors logic (Sternberg, 1969), arguing that any variable which interacts withThe author wishes to thank Michael 1. Posner and Richard T. Marrocco for helpful comments on this paper. Requests for reprints should be sent to Mary Jo Nissen, Eye Research Laboratories, The University of Chicago, 950 East 59th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637. 338 stimulus intensity must also affect encoding. Considering the number of theoretical arguments that have been based on the assumption that intensity only affects the earliest stage of processing, it is important to know, specifically, whether that assumption is valid, an...

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REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS INTENSITY FOR THE MONKEY¹

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Loudness Perception in the Domestic Cat: Reaction Time Estimates of Equal Loudness Contours and Recruitment Effects

Stimulus intensity and information processing

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REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS INTENSITY FOR THE MONKEY1

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Equal latency contours and auditory weighting functions for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Loudness Perception in the Domestic Cat: Reaction Time Estimates of Equal Loudness Contours and Recruitment Effects

Stimulus intensity and information processing

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Product

Resources

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REACTION TIME AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS INTENSITY FOR THE MONKEY¹