Reaction of the smooth muscle of the gastro‐intestinal tract of the skate to stimulation of autonomic nerves in isolated nerve‐muscle preparations1

Nicholls, John V. V.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1934.sp003211

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This agrees with isolated observations of Babkin et al (1935) and Nicholls (1934). This agrees with isolated observations of Babkin et al (1935) and Nicholls (1934).…”

Section: Spiral Intestinesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Babkin, Friedman & Mackay-Sawyer (1935) reported contractions '25-45 s a f ter stimulation of the vagus', but the effect was much weaker than that following stimulation of the splanchnic nerves. Several authors early reported contraction in both parts of the stomach following sympathetic stimulation using induction coils (Miiller & Liljestrand, 1918;Young, 1933;Nicholls, 1933Nicholls, , 1934Babkin et al 1935). It resembles the much more powerful inhibition exerted by the sympathetic outflow, which is followed by large rebound contractions.…”

Section: Stomachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of movements of the stomach and spiral intestine of Raja and Scyliorhinus

Young

1983

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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The extrinsic nerves of the stomach of dogfish and skates regulate the frequency and amplitude of contraction by inhibition followed by rebounds. By contrast the nerves of the spiral intestine are excitatory.Stimulation of the vagus nerve of the ray produced slight reduction in the amplitude of spontaneous contractions of the cardiac stomach. Much greater inhibition was produced by stimulation of the sympathetic nerves and was followed by large rebound contractions. These effects were imitated by adrenalin and serotonin which altered the frequency and amplitude of contraction in various ways. These actions were not blocked by either propranalol (1-5 x 10" 5 M) or phentolamine (2 x io~5 M) and indeed were often increased. The excitatory response to adrenalin was not blocked by TTX even after this had blocked the response to the nerve. Responses both to the nerve and adrenaline were blocked by trazodone. Acetyl choline caused some contraction of the stomach but only at high concentration. ATP gave responses similar to adrenalin but usually after long delay.Muscles of the spiral intestine of Raja or Scyliorhinus were activated by stimulation of their sympathetic nerves and by adrenalin. These responses were not blocked by phentolamine and only reduced by propranalol. They were blocked by trazodone. The response to adrenalin continued after the nerve was blocked by TTX. Acetyl choline had very little effect on the spiral intestine.The striking differences between the responses of the stomach and intestine are probably related to the fact that the plexus in the latter contains no nerve cells. The neurons in the stomach are therefore presumbly connected with the inhibition and large rebound contractions. I N T R O D U C T I O NLittle information is available about the movements of the gut of elasmobranchs. Some description was given recently of the stomach of the dogfish and skate (Young, 1980). The present paper provides information about the movements and pharmacology of the remarkable spiral intestine. It also gives a further study of the genesis of the inhibitory actions of the sympathetic nerves on the stomach and the rebound contractions that follow them.The spiral intestine is found in all elasmobranch fishes and in a few others such as Amia, Acipenser, Lepisosteus, Polypterus, Dipnoi and Latimeria. It is a compact roll of secretory and absorptive tissue, about 7 cm long in an adult skate of about 5 kg. When unrolled it shows a central axis to which is attached a continuous sheet about 40 cm long. This is fastened to the outer wall along a spiral track, giving about eight turns, closer together distally. This is an ingenious way of providing * Reprint requests should be sent to the Wellcome Institute.

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“…This agrees with isolated observations of Babkin et al (1935) and Nicholls (1934). This agrees with isolated observations of Babkin et al (1935) and Nicholls (1934).…”

Section: Spiral Intestinesupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Stomachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of movements of the stomach and spiral intestine of Raja and Scyliorhinus

Young

1983

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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“…Mechanical responses to vagal or sympathetic stimulation have been reported by Miiller & Liljestrand (1918), Young (1933), Babkin et al (1935 and Nicholls (1934), but without attention to the frequency and other parameters of stimulation. The only recent investigation is that of Campbell (1975), who reported inhibition of the stomach of the dogfish during stimulation of the vagus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The effects of drugs on the stomach of elasmobranchs have received little attention except for some earlier studies by Young (1933), Nicholls (1933Nicholls ( , 19343 Dreyer (1949) and Moore & Hiatt (1967) who all reported that adrenaline stimulated contraction in parts of the stomach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nervous Control of Stomach Movements in Dogfishes and Rays

Young¹

1980

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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The organization of the alimentary canal of fishes differs greatly between species of different dietary habit, but is not well understood. The vagus and sympathetic systems are very different in elasmobranchs and teleosts, but there has been little work on the corresponding physiology and pharmacology. The digestive system of elasmobranchs has unusual features connected with the fact that the absorbtive surface is provided by the spiral intestine (Fig. 1). This is a short fat tube whose surface is greatly increased by the presence of a coiled fold, the spiral valve. This arrangement provides a large area for absorbtion, neatly packed, but it leaves only a narrow lumen, so that no large particles can pass along the spiral intestine. Presumably it is in connexion with this condition that the stomach is divided into two parts. The cardiac division is a large sac into which the prey is received whole, its wall is very glandular and much breakdown of the food proceeds there (Hogben, 1967). The pyloric division is a narrower tube, leading from the hind end of the cardiac part to the pylorus.

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“…Vagal stimulation produces lesp movemZnt, and this does not necessarily arise near the pylorus but occasionally even in the upper part of the corpus; sometimes the vagus has a definite inhibitor effect (Miiller & Liljestrand, 1918; Lutz, 1931; Babkin et al 1935b). As would be expected from these results, adrenaline has in general a stimulating effect on stomach strips of rays and dogfish, causing a rise in tonus and so-metimes increased motility of all parts of the stomach of Raja and Squalus (Dreyer, 1928;Lutz, 1931;Nicholls, 1933).…”

Section: The Control Of Gastric Movementmentioning

confidence: 74%

Gastric Digestion in the Lower Vertebrates

Barrington

1942

Biological Reviews

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Summary True gastric digestion, involving the action of pepsin, appears to be found in animals only in the Chordata, and in this group, at the present day, only from the Pisces upwards. It is suggested that its appearance may be correlated with the change from microphagy to macrophagy which occurred in the early history of the phylum. Information relating to gastric digestion in the lower vertebrates is still too limited for any extensive generalizations to be possible, but many differences between conditions in these forms and in the mammals are evident. Certain facts illustrating the more primitive organization of the gastric mucosa in fish (and to a lesser extent in Amphibia) are briefly summarized. There seems to be a general resemblance between the pepsin of mammals and that of the lower vertebrates, with perhaps some minor adaptation to medium. There is some positive evidence for the existence of enzymes additional to pepsin in the stomach of fish, but the source of these has not been made clear. An acid fluid has been obtained from the stomach of fish and Amphibia by siphon or fistula. The secretion of acid may be continuous throughout life in selachians, but increases after feeding; in rays an alternation of acidity and alkalinity has been reported. The stomach of teleosts seems to be less acid than that of selachians and Amphibia, but the pH at the surface of ingested prey may be more suitable for the action of pepsin than is that of the general contents. Digestion proceeds much more slowly in poikilotherms than in mammals, and the food commonly remains in the stomach for one or more days. The few observations at present available suggest that gastric secretion in selachians, unlike that of mammals, may be controlled entirely by humoral means, but the evidence is incomplete and not altogether consistent. There is no evidence for a ‘psychic phase’ in selachians or Amphibia, but there are indications that in the latter group the sympathetic nervous system may be an important factor in the control of secretion. Histamine, is reported to stimulate the secretion of acid and pepsinogen in frogs. Extensive studies of the nervous control of gastric movements in fish and Amphibia have led to results which are often conflicting and difficult to reconcile with those established for mammals. Some possible explanations for this are discussed, and in particular it is emphasized that a clear‐cut reciprocity between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems may be lacking in the lower vertebrates. There is evidence for the absórption of fat in the stomach of fish, and it is pointed out that certain characteristics of gastric digestion in poikilotherms would appear to make that organ more adapted for absorption than it is in mammals. It is concluded that the absence of a stomach from the Holocephali, the Dipnoi and certain Teleostei is likely to be a secondary rather than a primitive condition. I am indebted to Profs. B. P. Babkin and A. B. Dawson for kindly reading the typescript of this article, which was prepared during...

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Reaction of the smooth muscle of the gastro‐intestinal tract of the skate to stimulation of autonomic nerves in isolated nerve‐muscle preparations1

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Control of movements of the stomach and spiral intestine of Raja and Scyliorhinus

Control of movements of the stomach and spiral intestine of Raja and Scyliorhinus

Nervous Control of Stomach Movements in Dogfishes and Rays

Gastric Digestion in the Lower Vertebrates

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