Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Dervan, Adrian; Roberts, Barry L.

doi:10.1002/cne.10594

Cited by 65 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…Recent studies have shown that progenitors reside in the outer circumference of the intact adult spinal cord. 19 In the injured adult spinal cord, the ependymal zone 7,18,31,32,42 and parenchyma 24,47,50 have been regarded as harboring the stem cell pool. Here, we have shown that progenitors are mainly located in the gray matter surrounding the syringes.…”

Section: Location Of Progenitor Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction of endogenous progenitor cells in a rat model of posttraumatic syringomyelia

Liao

Stoodley

et al. 2011

SPI

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Object Endogenous stem cells theoretically could replace lost tissue and repair deficits caused by syringes. In this study the authors quantitatively examined 1) whether neural progenitor cells exist in an adult rat model of posttraumatic syringomyelia (PTS); 2) and if so, how long an active population of progenitor cells can persist; 3) whether the cell population's location is associated with the syrinx; 4) the degree of differentiation of the progenitor cells; and 5) the phenotypic fate of the progenitor cells. Methods Wistar rats were divided into intact, sham-operated, and experimental syrinx groups. Animals in each group were equally subdivided according to 4 time points: 7, 14, 28, and 56 days post–syrinx induction. Rats in the experimental syrinx group underwent a C-7 and T-1 laminectomy and then received 0.5 μl of a 24-mg/ml quisqualic acid spinal cord injection at the C-8 level to mimic an excitotoxic injury with an initial cyst, and 10 μl of a 250-mg/ml kaolin injection into the subarachnoid space at the C-8 level to create arachnoiditis. The proliferation, distribution, and differentiation of endogenous progenitor cells were identified immunocytochemically. Results The authors observed a 20-fold increase in progenitor cells excluding inflammatory cells in the 1st 2 weeks post–syrinx induction. The cells persisted for at least 56 days, and 80% of them were located in the gray matter along the border of cysts. They included neural multipotential progenitor cells, oligodendroglial progenitor cells, and astrocytes. Conclusions Data in this study provide evidence for proliferation, distribution, and differentiation of endogenous progenitor cells in a model of PTS in adult rats. These progenitor cells proliferate rapidly, extend for long periods, and are mainly located in the gray matter along the border of syringes. Neural multipotential progenitor cells are expected to be associated with reparative and regenerative mechanisms of PTS. Glial cells are involved in the formation of a glial scar barrier that surrounds the syrinx and may prevent cyst enlargement. The authors' findings suggest that neural progenitor cells play a protective role in PTS.

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Section: Location Of Progenitor Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction of endogenous progenitor cells in a rat model of posttraumatic syringomyelia

Liao

Stoodley

et al. 2011

SPI

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“…Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine meningeal cell behavior following spinal cord transection in a spontaneously regenerating system, and to determine if meningeal sheath removal has an impact on regeneration. We chose for this study the eel, Anguilla, because it shows striking behavioral recovery and morphological regeneration following complete spinal cord transection (Doyle et al 2001;Dervan and Roberts 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The meningeal sheath of the regenerating spinal cord of the eel, Anguilla

Dervan

Roberts

2003

Anatomy and Embryology

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We describe here the meningeal sheath that encloses the spinal cord, and the sheath that develops when the cord regenerates after a total transection. This description is derived from electron and light microscopy. The sheath of the uninjured cord was found to be a single structure of two parts: an outer, thin melanocyte layer and an inner, thicker layer of 2 to 10 rows of fibroblasts, closely associated with collagen and elastic fibers. Soon after cord transection, the injured axons re-grow and, together with the reforming central canal, create a bridge that links the transected cord within 8 days of injury. This bridge is covered at first by a rudimentary meningeal sheath, formed of fibroblasts and macrophages, that later progressively thickens and becomes more compact. By about day 20, the fibroblasts are arranged as 16 to 20 loose rows that include bundles of collagen, oriented along the rostro-caudal axis of the cord. Even after 144 days, the meninx, although substantially thicker than normal because of the numerous fibroblast rows (20 to 30), still lacks the melanocyte layer. In cases in which the meninx at the transection site was mechanically and pharmacologically (6-hydroxydopamine) disrupted, bridge formation was essentially unchanged, and axonal regrowth continued; some regrowing axons, however, extruded from the denuded cord. Accordingly, our findings indicate that although the meningeal sheath is not essential for cord regeneration to take place, it may well facilitate recovery by providing mechanical guidance and support to the regrowing axons.

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“…In fact, the impressive ability of some anamniotes to repair the spinal cord after severe injury is due to the active proliferation of cells surrounding the CC (Dervan and Roberts, 2003). Even in mammals, there is proliferation of CG cells after spinal cord contusion (Beattie et al, 1997;Horky et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 98%

Cytological organization of the central gelatinosa in the turtle spinal cord

Trujillo‐Cenóz¹,

Fernández²,

Radmilovich³

et al. 2007

J of Comparative Neurology

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This paper deals with the cytological organization of the central gelatinosa (CG) in the spinal cord of juvenile (2-12 months) turtles. We found two main cell classes in the CG: one with characteristics of immature neurons, the other identified as radial glia (RG). The cells surrounding the central canal formed radial conglomerates in such a way that the RG lamellae covered the immature neurons. We found three major subpopulations of RG that expressed S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, or both proteins. Electron microscopic images showed gap junctions interconnecting RG. As with the mammalian neuroepithelial cells, most CG cells displayed intrinsic polarity expressed by structural and molecular differences between the most apical and basal cell compartments. The apical zone was characterized by the occurrence of a single cilium associated with a conspicuous centrosomal complex. We found a prominent expression of the PCM-1 centrosomal protein concentrated close to the central canal lumen. In the particular case of RG, the peripheral end feet contacted the subpial basement membrane. We also found "transitional cell forms" difficult to classify by the usual imaging approaches. Functional clues obtained by patch-clamp recordings of CG cells defined some of them as already committed to follow the neuronal lineage, whereas others had properties of less mature or migrating cells. The CG appeared as a richly innervated region receiving terminal branches from nerve plexuses expressing gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and glutamate. The results presented here support our previous studies indicating that the CG is an extended neurogenic niche along the spinal cord of turtles.

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Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Cited by 65 publications

References 50 publications

Reaction of endogenous progenitor cells in a rat model of posttraumatic syringomyelia

Reaction of endogenous progenitor cells in a rat model of posttraumatic syringomyelia

The meningeal sheath of the regenerating spinal cord of the eel, Anguilla

Cytological organization of the central gelatinosa in the turtle spinal cord

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