Reaction of Formaldehyde with Proteins. II. Participation of the Guanidyl Groups and Evidence of Crosslinking

Fraenkel‐Conrat, H.; Olcott, Henry Steel

doi:10.1021/ja01205a011

Cited by 103 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…As the VP 28 gene sequence inserted in pET28a vector (Novagen) contained only the hydrophilic part, the protein obtained was in the soluble form. In addition, the protein might have undergone cross-linking in the presence of formalin during tissue fixation [9], necessitating antigen retrieval [20,21]. Preparation of IVP that involved addition of 0.2% formalin (v/v) might have resulted in cross-linking of the VP28 epitopes on the virus.…”

Section: Wssv-vaccines and Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Truncated VP28 as oral vaccine candidate against WSSV infection in shrimp: An uptake and processing study in the midgut of Penaeus monodon

Kulkarni

Rombout

Singh

et al. 2013

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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a b s t r a c tSeveral oral vaccination studies have been undertaken to evoke a better protection against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a major shrimp pathogen. Formalin-inactivated virus and WSSV envelope protein VP28 were suggested as candidate vaccine components, but their uptake mechanism upon oral delivery was not elucidated. In this study the fate of these components and of live WSSV, orally intubated to black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) was investigated by immunohistochemistry, employing antibodies specific for VP28 and haemocytes. The midgut has been identified as the most prominent site of WSSV uptake and processing. The truncated recombinant VP28 (rec-VP28), formalin-inactivated virus (IVP) and live WSSV follow an identical uptake route suggested as receptor-mediated endocytosis that starts with adherence of luminal antigens at the apical layers of gut epithelium. Processing of internalized antigens is performed in endo-lysosomal compartments leading to formation of supra-nuclear vacuoles. However, the majority of WSSV-antigens escape these compartments and are transported to the inter-cellular space via transcytosis. Accumulation of the transcytosed antigens in the connective tissue initiates aggregation and degranulation of haemocytes. Finally the antigens exiting the midgut seem to reach the haemolymph. The nearly identical uptake pattern of the different WSSV-antigens suggests that receptors on the apical membrane of shrimp enterocytes recognize rec-VP28 efficiently. Hence the truncated VP28 can be considered suitable for oral vaccination, when the digestion in the foregut can be bypassed.

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Section: Wssv-vaccines and Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Truncated VP28 as oral vaccine candidate against WSSV infection in shrimp: An uptake and processing study in the midgut of Penaeus monodon

Kulkarni

Rombout

Singh

et al. 2013

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…With these key questions in mind, Shi spent many days and nights in 1988 searching the chemical literature under difficult conditions, prior to the increased efficiency of such searches that is afforded today by the Internet and online databases. The answer was finally found in a series of studies of the chemical reactions between protein and formalin, published in the 1940s (Fraenkel-Conrat et al 1947;Olcott 1948a, 1948b). These studies indicated that cross-linkages between formalin and protein could be disrupted by heating above 100C or by strong alkaline treatment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antigen Retrieval Immunohistochemistry

Shi

Taylor

2011

J Histochem Cytochem.

225

105

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SummaryAs a review for the 20th anniversary of publishing the antigen retrieval (AR) technique in this journal, the authors intend briefly to summarize developments in AR-immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based research and diagnostics, with particular emphasis on current challenges and future research directions. Over the past 20 years, the efforts of many different investigators have coalesced in extending the AR approach to all areas of anatomic pathology diagnosis and research and further have led to AR-based protein extraction techniques and tissue-based proteomics. As a result, formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) archival tissue collections are now seen as a literal treasure of materials for clinical and translational research to an extent unimaginable just two decades ago. Further research in AR-IHC is likely to focus on tissue proteomics, developing a more efficient protocol for protein extraction from FFPE tissue based on the AR principle, and combining the proteomics approach with AR-IHC to establish a practical, sophisticated platform for identifying and using biomarkers in

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“…On deamidation, however, thefibres supercontract, but, ashasbeenshown, only a fraction ofthe amide groups are removed, and these probably consist of all the glutamine but none of the asparagine amide group. It is, therefore, concluded that the resistance to supercontraction is due to cross-linkage formation between glutamine amide groups and others such as the guanidine groups of arginine (Fraenkel-Conrat & Olcott, 1946). These linkages are stable to boiling bisulphite solution, but can be completely removed by boiling the fibres in dilute phosphoric acid (see Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The irreversible combination of formaldehyde with proteins

Middlebrook

1949

Biochemical Journal

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Reaction of Formaldehyde with Proteins. II. Participation of the Guanidyl Groups and Evidence of Crosslinking

Abstract: the dialkylaminoethyl side chain variously sub-New derivatives of 6-methoxy-8-aminoquino-stituted. Two are substituted diquinolyl amines, line have been prepared. Most of these contain Lafayette, Indiana

Cited by 103 publications

References 0 publications

Truncated VP28 as oral vaccine candidate against WSSV infection in shrimp: An uptake and processing study in the midgut of Penaeus monodon

Truncated VP28 as oral vaccine candidate against WSSV infection in shrimp: An uptake and processing study in the midgut of Penaeus monodon

Antigen Retrieval Immunohistochemistry

The irreversible combination of formaldehyde with proteins

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