Reaction-induced phase separation towards in situ network in epoxy resins for simultaneously improving thermal conductivity and fire safety

Xu, Shao-Dong; Gu, Song; Pu, Xiaolu; Xiao, Yan‐Fang; Lu, Jiong; Wang, Yu‐Zhong; Chen, Li

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110326

Cited by 12 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 55 publications

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“…This is because the DTBD inside the matrix will decompress in advance to form phosphorus-free radicals and nitrogen noble gases during combustion, thereby delaying the ignition time by trapping reactive radicals in the gas phase and diluting the combustible gas and oxygen concentration. [50][51][52][53][54][55][56] The combustion intensity and overall combustion behavior of thermosetting materials can be evaluated by HRR and THR. From Figure 8a,b, it can be observed that the introduction of DTBD significantly decreases the PHRR and THR of resin-cured materials.…”

Section: Flame Retardance and Combustion Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi‐element flame retardant for rail transit to improve the flame retardant performance of epoxy resin while reducing smoke density

Cai,

Huang,

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A P/N/Si structure flame retardant DTBD was successfully synthesized by 3,5‐diaminobenzoic acid, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), triphenylsilanol, and benzaldehyde. The chemical structure of DTBD was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, which showed that DTBD was successfully synthesized. By analyzing the curing behavior, the addition of DTBD promoted the curing of epoxy resin (EP). According to the limited oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 vertical combustion tests, it can be shown that the introduction of DTBD makes the epoxy resin have good self‐extinguishing properties. Py‐GC/MS analysis showed that the phosphorus free radicals and ammonia generated in the gas phase of DTBD could quench and dilute by capturing reactive free radicals and refractory gases. DTBD could improve the tensile and flexural properties of epoxy resin. According to the European flame retardant standard EN45545‐2, the Ds of EP‐15 and EP‐20 obtained HL1 grade. With the increase in DTBD content, the VOF4 of modified EP also gradually decreased, and both EP‐15 and EP‐20 obtained HL2 grade.

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Section: Flame Retardance and Combustion Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi‐element flame retardant for rail transit to improve the flame retardant performance of epoxy resin while reducing smoke density

Cai,

Huang,

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Enhancement of epoxy‐cyanate ester blends through staged curing‐induced nanophase separation strategy

Xie,

Zhao,

Pan

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Epoxy‐cyanate ester blends have attracted significant attention due to their unique synergistic properties and versatility in high‐performance applications. However, achieving precise control over the phase‐separated structures in these blends remains a challenge. In this work, we present a strategy for the preparation of epoxy‐cyanate ester blends with high‐performance through staged curing‐induced phase separation. By incorporating a thermally latent catalyst, 4‐ethyl‐2‐methylimidazole tetraphenylborate, into the epoxy‐anhydride‐cyanate system, the reactivity differences of multiple curing reactions within the blend were precisely controlled, thereby inducing the formation of well‐defined nanophase‐separated structures. The polymer systems prepared exhibit high mechanical properties and heat resistance, primarily due to the interpenetrating networks created by the epoxy‐anhydride‐cyanate ester and the formation of nanodomains induced by the staged curing process. Furthermore, epoxy‐cyanate ester blends demonstrate outstanding hygrothermal resistance due to the low polarity of the crosslinked network structure. This work provides new insights into regulating the microstructure of the thermosetting blends and expands the potential applications of these materials in fields requiring long‐term durability and reliability.

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A phosphonate‐derived epoxy vitrimer with intrinsic flame retardancy and catalyst‐free reprocessability

Ren

Wang

et al. 2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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Phosphonate, as an effective flame‐retardant group, has a dynamic phosphonate exchange behavior similar to the transesterification of carboxylate; and introducing it into the network of epoxy resin (EP) is beneficial for solving the fire risk and waste disposal problems of EP in the meantime. Herein, a reprocessable and flame‐retardant epoxy vitrimer (EV) with dual dynamic covalent reactions of phosphonate and carboxylate transesterifications is constructed by introducing a phosphonate‐containing diol named GHPP into an epoxy‐anhydride curing system. The presence of the phosphonate makes the EV intrinsically flame‐retardant; meanwhile, both of the dynamic phosphonate and carboxylate transesterifications are accelerated by the abundant primary hydroxyl groups, which show much higher activity than the as‐generated β‐hydroxyls during curing, leading to enhanced dynamic properties of the EV. As a result, on the one hand, the EV achieves the UL‐94 V‐0 rating with a high limiting oxygen index value of 37.3%; and it shows a 41% reduction for the peak heat release rate and a 39% reduction for the total heat release in the cone calorimetry test. On the other hand, such EV exhibits rapid stress relaxation and is reprocessed easily to maintain its mechanical properties, thermal properties and flame retardancy to the hilt.

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Reaction-induced phase separation towards in situ network in epoxy resins for simultaneously improving thermal conductivity and fire safety

Cited by 12 publications

References 55 publications

A multi‐element flame retardant for rail transit to improve the flame retardant performance of epoxy resin while reducing smoke density

A multi‐element flame retardant for rail transit to improve the flame retardant performance of epoxy resin while reducing smoke density

Enhancement of epoxy‐cyanate ester blends through staged curing‐induced nanophase separation strategy

A phosphonate‐derived epoxy vitrimer with intrinsic flame retardancy and catalyst‐free reprocessability

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