Reaction–diffusion processes at the nano- and microscales

Very small synthetic motors that use chemical reactions to drive their motion are being studied widely because of their potential applications, which often involve active transport and dynamics on nanoscales. Like biological molecular machines, they must be able to perform their tasks in complex, highly fluctuating environments that can form chemical patterns with diverse structures. Motors in such systems can actively assemble into dynamic clusters and other unique nonequilibrium states. It is shown how chemical patterns with small characteristic dimensions may be utilized to suppress rotational Brownian motions of motors and guide them to move along prescribed paths, properties that can be exploited in applications. In systems with larger pattern length scales, domains can serve as catch basins for motors through chemotactic effects. The resulting collective motor dynamics in such confining domains can be used to explore new aspects of active particle collective dynamics or promote specific types of active self‐assembly. More generally, when chemically self‐propelled motors operate in far‐from‐equilibrium active chemical media the variety of possible phenomena and the scope of their potential applications are substantially increased.

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“…Simple active Brownian particle models are able to capture some aspects of this dynamics 50, 51, 52, 53, 54…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemically Propelled Motors Navigate Chemical Patterns

Chen

Kapral

2018

Advanced Science

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“…In this context, structural design is crucial in targeting their specific application and many studies are now targeting and exploring structure either standalone or in relation to other fields of science [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Our several investigations discuss that structural motifs are owing to dynamics of the process arisen by characteristics photons and field forces [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] where it is proven experimentally in one of the study given elsewhere [18].…”

Section: Figure 2: (1) Force Energy Configured Under the Trajectory Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the Phenomena of Heat and Photon Energy on Dealing Matter at Atomic level

Ali¹

2017

Preprint

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Technology is in the way to reach in its climax but the basic understanding of science in many phenomena is still awaited despite the fact that nature justifies all those. Scientific research reveals strong analogy between electron and photon. Atoms that execute suitable electronic transitions, on absorbing heat energy at shunt level, excite their electrons. De-excitation of an electron under the gravitational force of its nucleus, where inertia is involved, results into depicting energy in the shape like Gaussian distribution. The wavelength of photon remains in inter-state electron's gap where the source of generating energy in wave-like fashion is due to confined electron-dynamics of that atom eligible to execute electronic transition; energy configures under electron's trajectory while excitation period is due to inertia-levitation-inertia behaviours and energy configures under electron's trajectory while de-excitation period is due to inertia-gravitation-inertia behaviours. Silicon atom is a model system of it. Uninterrupted confined inter-state electron's motion results into configure force energy that can travel immeasurable length where interruption from the point of generation termed it a photon. Such photons increase wavelength under decreasing energy. Here, I discuss that heat energy is due to merged photons or squeezed photons and photonic current is due to the configuring energy in inter-state electron's gap under confined electron-dynamics of the atom. Force of repulsion or attraction in certain materials engages the phenomenon of levitism or gravitism where inertia is exempted. Structural motifs and dynamics are subjected to characteristic photons as long as atoms are dealing neutral behavior of field forces. A structural design delivers straight-forward application on dealing photons of certain wavelengths. Here, heat energy and photon energy explore matter at electron level. Thus, devise science to describe.

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“…In this context, structural design is crucial in targeting their specific application and many studies are now targeting and exploring structure either which standalone or in relation to other fields of science [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. However, it has been disclosed elsewhere under original line of experiments that all structural motifs are owing to a forcing energydirected phenomenon and a force-directed phenomenon not only in metallic colloids [18] but also in semi-metallic materials [21,38].…”

Section: Different Positions Of Top Left-side Lateral Surface Electromentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the Phenomena of Heat and Photon Energy on Dealing Matter at Atomic Level

Ali¹

2017

Preprint

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-Technology is in the way to reach in its climax but the basic understanding of science in many phenomena is still awaited even though the nature witnesses it.Scientific research reveals strong analogy between photon and electron. Atoms of neutral state when at ground level levitate electron of lateral surface at back surface while placing the bit energy at front surface. Gravitation behavior of that electron starts at centre of relaxation point by including the force of side pole where the pulling force of nearby unfilled state of that atom from the front surface results into depict forcing energy shape-like Gaussian distribution symbol with both ends turned called unit photon. The inertia is being involved at each stage of changing position of that electron by introducing the disappearances of forces of two poles resisting against appearances of forces of two opposite poles when rest to motion and motion to rest in the levitating period. The same is the case in the gravitating period of that electron when rest to motion and motion to rest but under different introducing the disappearances of forces of two poles resisting against appearances of forces of two opposite poles. However, in the stage of levitating or gravitating electron only one force is being involved at one time where opposite force is disappeared. The uninterrupted confined inter-state electrondynamics of neutral state atom while dealing several bits of bit energy having two different shapes result into generate forcing energy shape like a wave. Two bits of bit energy where shape of bit is like opposite integral symbol are being placed along the trajectory of inter-state electron-dynamics during forward-direction cycle and two bits of bit energy where shape of bit like integral symbol are being placed along the trajectory of inter-state electron-dynamics during back-direction cycle. Generating forcing energy 2 of unit photon in each cycle is pushing to rear side by remaining connected till electron is not restoring the state of rest. Silicon atom is considered as a model system of it.Uninterrupted confined inter-state electron-dynamics result into generate forcing energy that can travel immeasurable length and unavailability of necessitating bit energy at any interrupted stage resulting into generate an overt photon. Inter-state electron-dynamics for at least two cycles generate an overt photon -a photon length twice to unit photon.Under certain interaction of unit photon, it divides into two bits of bit energy instead tits and bits of heat. The mechanism of generating photon characteristic current in silicon atom validates that atoms of various elements are two-dimensional elliptical (circular) discs under the neutral state of their electrons. An isolated electron is being grounded under directed forcing energy to impinge a neutral state atom where it gained instantaneous velocity under sinked (merged) energy resulting into transfer it to elongate atom along east west poles. Matter changes the role of energy and force under various sor...

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Reaction–diffusion processes at the nano- and microscales

Cited by 234 publications

References 114 publications

Chemically Propelled Motors Navigate Chemical Patterns

Chemically Propelled Motors Navigate Chemical Patterns

Revealing the Phenomena of Heat and Photon Energy on Dealing Matter at Atomic level

Revealing the Phenomena of Heat and Photon Energy on Dealing Matter at Atomic Level

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