“…This interest has led to a rapid expansion of the available design toolkit for artificial cells, enabling replication of biological processes and features such as division [14–16], metabolism [17, 18], growth [19], motility [20, 21], communication [22, 23], sensing [24, 25], compartmentalisation [26–28], protein expression [29] and DNA replication [30]. Artificial cells have been successfully built from membrane-bound scaffolds in the form of liposomes [31, 32], polymer-somes [31, 33] and proteinosomes [34, 35], as well as from membrane-less coacervates or hydrogels [27, 36–39].…”