“…The high simulated densities of Be 2+ on the inner baffle from main chamber sputtering could explain the Be deposition found by recent post-mortem analysis of JET-ILW inner divertor tiles [28]. However, this study also revealed that Be was absent on most of the other divertor surfaces (the OT in particular) which confirms that the Be content in the simulations is probably overestimated.…”
Section: Tomography Compared To Edge2d-eirene Simulation Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…In all cases, the code overestimates the Be + line radiation intensity compared to experiment, indicating that the W divertor targets are probably not fully coated with Be as assumed here. This is consistent with very recent experimental evidence from postmortem analysis of JET-ILW divertor tiles extracted following the first campaign [28].…”
Section: Experimental and Simulated Pressure Drop In Divertorsupporting
The EDGE2D-EIRENE code is applied for simulation of divertor detachment during matched density ramp experiments in high triangularity, L-mode plasmas in both JET-Carbon (JET-C) and JET-ITER-Like Wall (JET-ILW). The code runs without drifts and includes either C or Be as impurity, but not W, assuming that the W targets have been coated with Be via main chamber migration. The simulations reproduce reasonably well the observed particle flux detachment as density is raised in both JET-C and JET-ILW experiments and can better match the experimental in-out divertor target power asymmetry if the heat flux entering the outer divertor is artificially set at around 2–3 times that entering the inner divertor. A careful comparison between different sets of atomic physics processes used in EIRENE shows that the detachment modelled by EDGE2D-EIRENE relies only on an increase of the particle sinks and not on a decrease of the ionization source. For the rollover and the beginning of the partially detached phase, the particle losses by perpendicular transport and the molecular activated recombination processes are mainly involved. For a deeper detachment with significant target ion flux reduction, volume recombination appears to be the main contributor. The elastic molecule-ion collisions are also important to provide good neutral confinement in the divertor and thus stabilize the simulations at low electron temperature (Te), when the sink terms are strong. Comparison between EDGE2D-EIRENE and SOLPS4.3 simulations of the density ramp in C shows similar detachment trends, but the importance of the elastic ion-molecule collisions is reduced in SOLPS4.3. Both codes suggest that any process capable of increasing the neutral confinement in the divertor should help to improve the modelling of the detachment. A further outcome of this work has been to demonstrate that key JET divertor diagnostic signals—Langmuir probe Te and bolometric tomographic reconstructions—are running beyond the limit of validity in high recycling and detached conditions and cannot be reliably used for code validation. The simulations do, however, reproduce the trend of the evolution of the line integrated bolometer chord measurements. The comparison between the code results and high-n Balmer line radiation intensity profiles confirms that a strong volume recombination is present during the experimental detachment and may play a role in this process, as suggested by the code.
“…The high simulated densities of Be 2+ on the inner baffle from main chamber sputtering could explain the Be deposition found by recent post-mortem analysis of JET-ILW inner divertor tiles [28]. However, this study also revealed that Be was absent on most of the other divertor surfaces (the OT in particular) which confirms that the Be content in the simulations is probably overestimated.…”
Section: Tomography Compared To Edge2d-eirene Simulation Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…In all cases, the code overestimates the Be + line radiation intensity compared to experiment, indicating that the W divertor targets are probably not fully coated with Be as assumed here. This is consistent with very recent experimental evidence from postmortem analysis of JET-ILW divertor tiles extracted following the first campaign [28].…”
Section: Experimental and Simulated Pressure Drop In Divertorsupporting
The EDGE2D-EIRENE code is applied for simulation of divertor detachment during matched density ramp experiments in high triangularity, L-mode plasmas in both JET-Carbon (JET-C) and JET-ITER-Like Wall (JET-ILW). The code runs without drifts and includes either C or Be as impurity, but not W, assuming that the W targets have been coated with Be via main chamber migration. The simulations reproduce reasonably well the observed particle flux detachment as density is raised in both JET-C and JET-ILW experiments and can better match the experimental in-out divertor target power asymmetry if the heat flux entering the outer divertor is artificially set at around 2–3 times that entering the inner divertor. A careful comparison between different sets of atomic physics processes used in EIRENE shows that the detachment modelled by EDGE2D-EIRENE relies only on an increase of the particle sinks and not on a decrease of the ionization source. For the rollover and the beginning of the partially detached phase, the particle losses by perpendicular transport and the molecular activated recombination processes are mainly involved. For a deeper detachment with significant target ion flux reduction, volume recombination appears to be the main contributor. The elastic molecule-ion collisions are also important to provide good neutral confinement in the divertor and thus stabilize the simulations at low electron temperature (Te), when the sink terms are strong. Comparison between EDGE2D-EIRENE and SOLPS4.3 simulations of the density ramp in C shows similar detachment trends, but the importance of the elastic ion-molecule collisions is reduced in SOLPS4.3. Both codes suggest that any process capable of increasing the neutral confinement in the divertor should help to improve the modelling of the detachment. A further outcome of this work has been to demonstrate that key JET divertor diagnostic signals—Langmuir probe Te and bolometric tomographic reconstructions—are running beyond the limit of validity in high recycling and detached conditions and cannot be reliably used for code validation. The simulations do, however, reproduce the trend of the evolution of the line integrated bolometer chord measurements. The comparison between the code results and high-n Balmer line radiation intensity profiles confirms that a strong volume recombination is present during the experimental detachment and may play a role in this process, as suggested by the code.
“…96–97)‘Literature’, is, in effect, being recognised as the construct of a criticism which, while assuming its ‘descriptiveness’, its ‘disinterestedness’, its ideological innocence, has so constituted Literature as to reproduce and naturalise bourgeois ideology as ‘literary value’. (Widdowson, 1982, p. 3)One response to this alienation issue is to argue for the curriculum to privilege students' own ‘funds of knowledge’ (Gonzalez et al, 2005). These views are meant to speak back, in particular, to historical voices such as Arnold or Leavis who presented the elite nature of ‘Literature’ as its very raison d'etre in either defending the ‘only one’ ‘transmitted culture’ (Leavis, 1972, p. 93)—or in preventing a ‘drifting towards anarchy’ (Arnold, 1971, p. 75) if the working classes are not given ‘direction’ (Arnold, 1993, p. 22).…”
Section: Class and Imagined Publicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…‘Literature’, is, in effect, being recognised as the construct of a criticism which, while assuming its ‘descriptiveness’, its ‘disinterestedness’, its ideological innocence, has so constituted Literature as to reproduce and naturalise bourgeois ideology as ‘literary value’. (Widdowson, 1982, p. 3)…”
The notion of reading publics has a secure place in the sociology of Literature but its place in the educational literature around curriculum studies is relatively sparse. Here I address the question of reading publics
“…(Widdowson, 1975, p.75). Widdowson (1982) argued that students need guidance, they need to be taught strategies, and they need a vocabulary. This is a particularly important statement because it brought methodist criticism into applied linguistics and had great significance in the light of the enormous growth of applied linguistics in communicative approaches to language teaching, whether that language was being taught as a first, second or foreign language.…”
Selecting the most appropriate technique of literary criticism as decoding approach of meaning clarification which best match various types of literary pieces has occupied the minds of literary critics in recent decades. Stylistics as an instrument for analyzing literary texts seems to grasp the critics' attentions and has proven itself as a powerful linguistic means of implicature derivation. This article attempted to depict how the knowledge of linguistic intricacies can affect the reader's interpretation and help literary critics illuminate the unexplored literary corners of literary works. Furthermore, it is also claimed that attention to these underlying linguistic intricacies brings about a better understanding for the reader either consciously or unconsciously. Accordingly, three linguistically-inspired approaches (semantic technique linguistic technique and formal technique) for literary analysis are described and focused. Related concepts such as the role of context and literary intuition, "howness" of entering to the text and the boundary of literariness are discussed throughout the paper. Finally, in order to illustrate the fact that these linguistically-inspired techniques are not language or literature dependent, few practical examples of such analyses are presented for English and Persian literary pieces.
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