Re-Emergence of Malaria in Malaysia: A Review Article

Yong, Alene Sze Jing; Parasakthi, N; Kadirvelu, Amudha; Pillai, Naganathan

doi:10.4236/oalib.1104298

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 38 publications

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“…which mostly affected men than women (about 80%) with more cases occurred among adults aged over 55 years old 2 . P. knowlesi cases were mostly reported in Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysian Borneo and other states of Peninsular Malaysia including Kelantan, Pahang, Johor, Terengganu, Selangor, Kedah, Penang, Perak and Melaka 1,4,5,6,7,8 . The natural hosts of P. knowlesi are long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed (Macaca nemestrina) macaques 9,10,11,12 .…”

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2019

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Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite, is widely used as a malaria model and now characterized as a clinically significant parasite that can lead to outbreaks throughout most countries in Southeast Asia. Despite its importance, both fundamental and clinical studies of P. knowlesi have been impeded by the lack of a convenient in-vitro culture system partly due to the parasite's preference for reticulocytes. Due to a limited number of reticulocytes that could be collected from fresh sources such as umbilical cord, bone marrow, and peripheral blood, scientists have opted reticulocytes generated from CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that have been cultured in an in-vitro system. With sufficient growth factors (GFs) and differentiation factors (DFs), a higher number and more homogenous populations of reticulocytes could be obtained from HSCs invitro. Here, we review an approach to produce massive expansion of CD34 + HSCs and their differentiation into reticulocytes that could be used for the establishment of a continuous in-vitro culture of P. knowlesi or P. vivax. The successful development of the long-term in-vitro culture of this parasite could ultimately provide an ideal system for forwarding diagnostic, antimalarial drug and vaccine studies in malaria.

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2019

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Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination

et al. 2019

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Malaria still has a devastating impact on public health and welfare in Cameroon. Despite the increasing number of studies conducted on disease prevalence, transmission patterns or treatment, there are to date, not enough studies summarising findings from previous works in order to identify gaps in knowledge and areas of interest where further evidence is needed to drive malaria elimination efforts. The present study seeks to address these gaps by providing a review of studies conducted so far on malaria in Cameroon since the 1940s to date. Over 250 scientific publications were consulted for this purpose. Although there has been increased scale-up of vector control interventions which significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality to malaria across the country from a prevalence of 41% of the population reporting at least one malaria case episode in 2000 to a prevalence of 24% in 2017, the situation is not yet under control. There is a high variability in disease endemicity between epidemiological settings with prevalence of Plasmodium parasitaemia varying from 7 to 85% in children aged 6 months to 15 years after long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) scale-up. Four species of Plasmodium have been recorded across the country: Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax. Several primate-infecting Plasmodium spp. are also circulating in Cameroon. A decline of artemisinin-based combinations therapeutic efficacy from 97% in 2006 to 90% in 2016 have been reported. Several mutations in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance (Pfcrt) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (Pfmdr1) genes conferring resistance to either 4-amino-quinoleine, mefloquine, halofanthrine and quinine have been documented. Mutations in the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes involved in sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine are also on the rise. No mutation associated with artemisinin resistance has been recorded. Sixteen anopheline species contribute to malaria parasite transmission with six recognized as major vectors: An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis, An. funestus, An. nili and An. moucheti. Studies conducted so far, indicated rapid expansion of DDT, pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. funestus threatening the performance of LLINs. This review highlights the complex situation of malaria in Cameroon and the need to urgently implement and reinforce integrated control strategies in different epidemiological settings, as part of the substantial efforts to consolidate gains and advance towards malaria elimination in the country.

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Re-Emergence of Malaria in Malaysia: A Review Article

Cited by 2 publications

References 38 publications

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Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination

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