Re-addition of antioxidant to aged MEROX and hydroprocessed jet fuels

Rawson, Paul M.; Stansfield, Christy-Anne; Webster, Renée L.; Evans, David J.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.048

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Two separate techniques were used to assess the oxidative stability of the neat fuels. These were both static, isothermal, oxygen headspace methods that have been previously demonstrated − to be a measure of the oxidative stability of middle distillate fuels. The neat fuel samples were subjected to oxidative stability testing, in order to quantitatively assess the stability of the fuels.…”

Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Thermal Oxidation of Conventional and Alternate Aviation Fuels with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Accurate Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2017

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Oxidation of aviation fuels prior to combustion affects the safe operation of high performance aircraft. This study reports the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry (accTOFMS) to study oxidized species in complex thermally oxidized conventional and alternate aviation fuel matrixes. Tens of thousands of unique compounds were identified in the fuels, highlighting the need for comprehensive separations. GC×GC operation allowed a range of oxidized species to be isolated and identified, and in a conventional fuel, a series of homologous aldehydes and 2-ketones were found. 4-Methyl-2-hexanone and 1-pentanol were found to be strongly correlated with established methods for quantitatively assessing fuel stability.

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Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Thermal Oxidation of Conventional and Alternate Aviation Fuels with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Accurate Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2017

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“…Under thermal stressing or oxidation during ambient storage, reactive components in jet fuels could react with oxygen to form hydroperoxides, which will affect the performance of aircraft fuel system parts such as seals, diaphragms, or other elastomer-based materials. − These peroxide species in a fuel are also known to initiate autoxidation reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of sediments and gums, decreasing performance and further causing engine failure. , Gum formation and peroxidation after fuel manufacture may be prevented by the addition of synthetic phenolic antioxidants, which is mandated in jet fuel specifications for hydroprocessed fuels. , These antioxidants may form stable intermediate radical species in peroxidation reactions, inhibiting the propagation of long chain products . However, readdition of antioxidants into the same aged fuel types results in no improvement for inhibition of hydroperoxide formation, whereas oxidation induction times were improved for the readdition of antioxidants …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 However, readdition of antioxidants into the same aged fuel types results in no improvement for inhibition of hydroperoxide formation, whereas oxidation induction times were improved for the readdition of antioxidants. 9 Detailed, class-type analysis of hydrocarbon fuels is an important and common analysis carried out in the liquid hydrocarbon fuel industry. The classes and relative amounts of different hydrocarbon types comprising hydrocarbon fuels will influence their physical and performance properties.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group-Type Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Sulfur Compounds in Thermally Stressed Merox Jet Fuel Samples

et al. 2017

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Methods to investigate the response of hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds to different extents resulting from thermal oxidation of jet fuels refined via the mercaptan oxidation (Merox) process have been developed. Relative comparison of hydrocarbon contents including n-paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics (PIONA) was performed by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography hyphenated with a quadrupole-accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC–Q-TOFMS). A simple approach for quantification of sulfur compound groups was then developed using both GC × GC and GC hyphenated with flame photometric detection (GC × GC–FPD; GC–FPD). The approach largely separated the sulfur compounds into two distinct regions comprising of lower polarity S1 (thiophenes, thiophenols, thiols, disulfides, sulfides, and alkyl thianaphthenes) and higher polarity S2 (sulfones and phenylsulfides) groups. The reliability of this approach was evaluated using higher resolution GC × GC–FPD, showing less than ±1% error arising from the coelution of minor compounds in GC–FPD analysis. The calibration method was further applied to reduce the error caused by the dependence of analyte contents on the sample dilution effect from ±14% to ±4%. The GC–FPD analysis showed a significant increase in S2 content from 47 to 59% after 113 min oxidation. This approach was then applied for characterization of 15 practical jet fuel samples from airforce bases.

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“…However, one has to keep in mind that the results depend on oxygen pressure, temperature, and oxidation method. , Readdition of AOs after proceeding the process of oxidation seems to show only limited success. Via the determination of AO depletion rate and the IP after adding AO to aged jet fuel samples, no improvement in inhibition of hydroperoxide formation in the aged fuel was observed …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Resolved Quantification of Phenolic Antioxidants and Oxidation Products in a Model Fuel by GC-EI-MS/MS

et al. 2020

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Phenol-type components, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), are used as antioxidants (AOs) to enhance the thermo-oxidative stability of kerosene-type Jet A-1 fuel. Although the antioxidative effect of BHT is well known and often published, there is far less information about the degradation products of BHT in fuels and their impact on stability toward oxidation. In order to monitor a time-resolved depletion of BHT in model kerosene, an artificial alteration method adapted for regular sampling was applied. Subsequently, the molecular structure of degradation products of BHT was identified by gas chromatography with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). For the quantification of the residual BHT as well as the two representatives of degradation products, namely, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (BQ), an analytical technique comprising a GC-EI triple quadrupole mass spectrometer run in the MS/MS mode was developed. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for BHT, BQ, and HBA were determined below 1 ppb. The formation of BQ and HBA was observed shortly after the nascent degradation of BHT, while an increase of oxidation products derived from the fuel ascended remarkably after a full depletion of both the initial AO BHT and the monitored oxidation products BQ and HBA. As the evolution of BQ and HBA followed a characteristic trend, these compounds can be used as markers to reliably predict the residual time until a total consumption or a predefined threshold of BHT is reached. This way, the quality management of in-service or stored kerosene-type fuels is enhanced.

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Re-addition of antioxidant to aged MEROX and hydroprocessed jet fuels

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Investigation of the Thermal Oxidation of Conventional and Alternate Aviation Fuels with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Accurate Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Investigation of the Thermal Oxidation of Conventional and Alternate Aviation Fuels with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Accurate Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Group-Type Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Sulfur Compounds in Thermally Stressed Merox Jet Fuel Samples

Time-Resolved Quantification of Phenolic Antioxidants and Oxidation Products in a Model Fuel by GC-EI-MS/MS

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