RDX crystals with high sphericity prepared by resonance acoustic mixing assisted solvent etching technology

An, Chongwei; Liao, Dongjie; Liu, Qian; Li, Chunyan; Liu, Ning; Wang, Mingchang

doi:10.1016/j.dt.2023.01.010

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For the HMX crystal grown in acetone, the average values of D1/D2 and D1/D3 were reported to be 1.53 and 1.65, respectively. Compared to HMX, the RDX crystal has a less significant preferred orientation when grown in acetone, which prevents RDX from growing into a rod-like morphology and is of advantage to the spherical process of the RDX crystal. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface morphology and characteristics of a crystal are fundamentally determined by its facet type and area distribution because functional group distribution, polarity, roughness, and defects on the surface can be predicted by the atomic model of the facets built from the corresponding crystal structure . Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) is a kind of elemental energetic material, which has wide applications in mixed explosives due to its high detonation energy, low cost, and good thermal stability. − RDX is also used as additives in solid propellants to enhance the energy of the propellant. − The sensitivity, mechanical properties, and detonation performances of RDX have been found to be significantly affected by its crystal morphology and surface properties. − For example, adhesion measured between the F2314 (fluorinated polymer) binder and the (210), (020), and (002) facets of RDX by the direct tensile experiments were 51, 106, and 152 mJ·m –2 , respectively, demonstrating the anisotropic binding abilities between the F2314 binder and the RDX crystal . Theoretical calculations also reveal that different interfacial microstructures can be formed by different facets with solvent molecules, leading to different crystal habits of RDX. − Due to the importance of facets on the crystal morphology and performances of RDX, accurate analysis of facets is essential in the applications of RDX.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Exposed Facets and Surface Properties of Highly Explosive RDX Studied by the Crystal-Face-Indexing Method and Theoretical Calculations

Wei,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Crystal Growth & Design

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The crystal morphology of highly explosive cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)) has been characterized by the crystal-face-indexing method in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction and rotation imaging techniques. As a result, the morphology importance of the facets in RDX crystals grown in acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is on the order of (111) ≈ (210) > (021) ≈ (102) > (001) ≈ (010) ≈ (100) and (111) > (210) > (010) > (001) ≈ (021), respectively. Crystal sizes have also been measured along the a-, b-, and c-axes, which show a less-preferred orientation of RDX crystals than octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) crystals. In addition, the {111} and {210} facets show good thermodynamic stability, while the appearance of the other facets is dynamically affected by solution conditions during the growth of RDX crystals from the hundred-micrometer scale to the millimeter scale. After crystal face indexing, surface models were built for the dominant {111} and {210} facets as well as the special {010} facet. On the surface of the {111} facet, the outstanding H and O atoms lead to a regular arrangement of positive and negative charges. For the {210} facet, twisted grooves are observed on the surface in the Connelly surface model. More interestingly, large hollows with dimensions of 11.6 × 11.8 Å2 are generated on the surface of the {010} facet. The high adsorption ability of the hollows to DMSO molecules plays a key role in the enhanced morphology importance of the {010} facet in DMSO, as evidenced by molecular dynamics simulations. All of these results can be applied to the morphology control of energetic crystals and will be a good reference to the interfacial interaction of the RDX crystal in both polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) and propellants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposed Facets and Surface Properties of Highly Explosive RDX Studied by the Crystal-Face-Indexing Method and Theoretical Calculations

Wei,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Crystal Growth & Design

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Mechanical response characteristics of HMX crystals under resonant acoustic mixing

Wang,

Yao,

Guo

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Understanding the mechanical response characteristics and determining the optimized process conditions is critical to mitigate crystal impacts during resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). Therefore, high‐melting explosive (HMX) crystal collisions with container walls under different RAM accelerations were investigated through simulations and experiments. The HMX crystal damages after RAM were assessed using microscopic imaging, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller tests. Results show that crystal fractures observed in steel containers can be prevented by using low‐modulus polytetrafluoroethylene containers. Rough containers reduce internal damage but increase surface abrasion. Lower RAM accelerations, shorter RAM durations, and low‐modulus containers can mitigate HMX crystal damage.

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Research progress and prospect of explosive crystallization (2022-present)

Song,

Wang,

et al. 2024

Energetic Materials Frontiers

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RDX crystals with high sphericity prepared by resonance acoustic mixing assisted solvent etching technology

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Exposed Facets and Surface Properties of Highly Explosive RDX Studied by the Crystal-Face-Indexing Method and Theoretical Calculations

Exposed Facets and Surface Properties of Highly Explosive RDX Studied by the Crystal-Face-Indexing Method and Theoretical Calculations

Mechanical response characteristics of HMX crystals under resonant acoustic mixing

Research progress and prospect of explosive crystallization (2022-present)

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