RDCPF: A Redundancy-Based Duty-Cycling Pipelined-Forwarding MAC for Linear Sensor Networks

Zhang, Quanwei; Li, Dazhong; Fei, Yue; Zhang, Jiakang; Yu, Chen; Tong, Fei

doi:10.3390/s20195608

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In [19], Zhang et al presented the Redundancy DCPF (RDCPF) protocol. This proposal incorporates redundant nodes to reduce the traffic bottlenecks and the excessive energy consumption experienced by nodes located near the sink.…”

Section: A Mac Protocols For Lsn'smentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

Villordo-Jimenez¹,

Torres-Cruz²,

Menchaca-Mendez³

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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Linear topologies arise naturally in the context of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications for smart cities, where the infrastructure itself commonly has a linear or semi-linear structure. This is the case of buildings, public transportation systems, road infrastructure, and utility distribution networks. Given the prevalence of this type of topologies, several Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been designed to take advantage of their particular properties. Unfortunately, most of them do not scale well as the node density and the distance in hops to the sink increases. The result is that packets generated many hops away from the sink tend to experience unacceptable high end-to-end delay and low delivery probabilities. This paper introduces HP-MAC, a synchronized duty-cycled MAC protocol for Linear Sensor Networks (LSNs) that assigns transmission priorities to nodes to avoid collisions, through the implementation of distributed elections based on hash functions. HP-MAC also implements a packet queuing scheme that acts as a mechanism to control the amount of network resources allocated to data flows generated at different distances to the sink. This way, packets can reach their destination with loss probability and end-to-end delay that do not depend on their distance to the sink. We use a Discrete-Time Markov Chain (DTMC) to model the performance of the proposed protocol. Numerical solutions of this model show that HP-MAC outperforms state-of-the-art representatives in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, power consumption, and packet loss probability. These results are validated through extensive discrete-event simulations.INDEX TERMS Linear sensor networks (LSN), synchronized duty-cycled MAC protocol, collision-free MAC protocol, Markov chain, energy-efficient Internet of Things (IoT).

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Section: A Mac Protocols For Lsn'smentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

Villordo-Jimenez¹,

Torres-Cruz²,

Menchaca-Mendez³

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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“…The authors of [16] identified that DCPF networks may suffer from an energy-hole problem, where nodes near the sink node consume an excessive amount of energy. To address this problem, they propose the redundancy-based DCPF (RDCPF) protocol, which involves the deployment of redundant nodes in a LWSN.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [20,21], the authors analyze strictly linear WSNs, i.e., networks that consist of a single line of nodes (whereas in [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] the LWSN is assumed to be dense). The authors propose a routing algorithm that uses implicit acknowledgments to provide reliability and connectivity with energy efficiency, low latency, and fault tolerance.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous works from multiple research groups, including ours, have proposed energyefficient MAC protocols that take advantage of the fact that in LWSN data packets flow hop by hop from the node where the sensory data are generated towards the sink node located at one end of the network [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Despite the relevance of these works, they only focus on improving the overall network performance at the expense of the high packet loss probability (PLP) experienced by the data packets that have to travel through multiple relay nodes before reaching the sink.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distance-Based Queuing for Scalable and Reliable Linear Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Cities

Villordo-Jimenez,

Torres-Cruz,

Menchaca-Mendez

et al. 2024

Sensors

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The reliability and scalability of Linear Wireless Sensor Networks (LWSNs) are limited by the high packet loss probabilities (PLP) experienced by the packets generated at nodes far from the sink node. This is an important limitation in Smart City applications, where timely data collection is critical for decision making. Unfortunately, previous works have not addressed this problem and have only focused on improving the network’s overall performance. In this work, we propose a Distance-Based Queuing (DBQ) scheme that can be incorporated into MAC protocols for LWSNs to improve reliability and scalability without requiring extra local processing or additional signaling at the nodes. The DBQ scheme prioritizes the transmission of relay packets based on their hop distance to the sink node, ensuring that all packets experience the same PLP. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposal, we developed an analytical model and conducted extensive discrete-event simulations. Our numerical results demonstrate that the DBQ scheme significantly improves the reliability and scalability of the network by achieving the same average PLP and throughput for all nodes, regardless of traffic intensities and network sizes.

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“…In general, the purpose of using wireless sensors in factories is to monitor the production environment for ensuring safe production conditions. However, to achieve full coverage of the monitoring in the production workshop, the factory has to place redundant sensors to ensure the performance of the IWSNs, which causes a lot of waste of sensor energy and speeds up the replacement of sensors [9]. In this case, it is necessary to propose a method that can effectively utilize redundant sensors for reducing the number of sensor replacements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensor Duty Cycle for Prolonging Network Lifetime Using Quantum Clone Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Liu

Xiao

et al. 2021

Journal of Sensors

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The application of industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) frequently appears in modern industry, and it is usually to deploy a large quantity of sensor nodes in the monitoring area. This way of deployment improves the robustness of the IWSNs but introduces many redundant nodes, thereby increasing unnecessary overhead. The purpose of this paper is to increase the lifetime of IWSNs without changing the physical facilities and ensuring the coverage of sensors as much as possible. Therefore, we propose a quantum clone grey wolf optimization (QCGWO) algorithm, design a sensor duty cycle model (SDCM) based on real factory conditions, and use the QCGWO to optimize the SDCM. Specifically, QCGWO combines the concept of quantum computing and the clone operation for avoiding the algorithm from falling into a local optimum. Subsequently, we compare the proposed algorithm with the genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The experimental results suggest that the lifetime of the IWSNs based on QCGWO is longer than that of GA and SA, and the convergence speed of QCGWO is also faster than that of GA and SA. In comparison with the traditional IWSN working mode, our model and algorithm can effectively prolong the lifetime of IWSNs, thus greatly reducing the maintenance cost without replacing sensor nodes in actual industrial production.

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RDCPF: A Redundancy-Based Duty-Cycling Pipelined-Forwarding MAC for Linear Sensor Networks

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Linear Sensor Networks

Distance-Based Queuing for Scalable and Reliable Linear Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Cities

Sensor Duty Cycle for Prolonging Network Lifetime Using Quantum Clone Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

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