We investigate relationships between statistics obtained from filtering and from ensemble or Reynolds-averaging turbulence flow fields as a function of length scale. Generalized central moments in the filtering approach are expressed as inner products of generalized fluctuating quantities, q (ξ , x) = q(ξ ) − q(x), representing fluctuations of a field q(ξ ), at any point ξ , with respect to its filtered value at x. For positive-definite filter kernels, these expressions provide a scale-resolving framework, with statistics and realizability conditions at any length scale. In the small-scale limit, scale-resolving statistics become zero.In the large-scale limit, scale-resolving statistics and realizability conditions are the same as in the Reynolds-averaged description. Using direct numerical simulations (DNS) of homogeneous variable density turbulence, we diagnose Reynolds stresses, T i j , resolved kinetic energy, k r , turbulent mass-flux velocity, a i , and density-specific volume covariance, b, defined in the scale-resolving framework. These variables, and terms in their governing equations, vary smoothly between zero and their Reynolds-averaged definitions at the small and large scale limits, respectively. At intermediate scales, the governing equations exhibit interactions between terms that are not active in the Reynolds-averaged limit. For example, in the Reynolds-averaged limit, b follows a decaying process driven by a destruction term; at intermediate length scales it is a balance between production, redistribution, destruction, and transport, where b grows as the density spectrum develops, and then decays when mixing becomes strong enough. This work supports the notion of a generalized, length-scale adaptive model that converges to DNS at high resolutions, and to Reynolds-averaged statistics at coarse resolutions. a) Invited for Physics of Fluids special issue in memory of Edward E.