Rayleigh scattering limitations in distributed Raman pre-amplifiers

Hansen, Per Brinch; Eskildsen, L.; Stentz, J.; Strasser, T.A.; Judkins, Justin B.; DeMarco, J.; Pedrazzani, R.; DiGiovanni, D. J.

doi:10.1109/68.651148

Cited by 188 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, the corresponding flatness values for 4 pump wavelengths are both around 20%. This is because an FRA requires a configuration with more than two stages to realize a gain beyond 20 dB owing to double Rayleigh scattering, 45) and a configuration with the polarization multiplexing of two LDs for one pump wavelength owing to the polarization dependence of gain. 46) When considering the practical number of pump LDs, we should investigate ways of obtaining a flatter gain profile and a larger effective bandwidth using around 4 pump wavelengths.…”

Section: Jcs-japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurite-based fibers and their applications to optical communication networks

Mori

2008

J. Ceram. Soc. Japan

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This paper reviews tellurite-based fibers and their applications to optical communication networks. First, an investigation of tellurite-based glass and the fabrication of conventional step-index fibers and photonic crystal fibers (PCF) are described. By purifying the raw materials and employing a novel PCF fabrication process, low background losses were achieved for an Er 3+ -doped, an undoped tellurite-based fiber and a tellurite-based PCF. Second, the optical properties of Er 3+ -doped tellurite-based glass and fiber, and the gain characteristics of erbium doped tellurite fiber amplifiers (EDTFAs) were studied. A seamless, low noise and gain flattened C + L band EDTFA was realized, and an S + C + L band amplifier was constructed by combining an EDTFA and a thulium-doped fluoride fiber amplifier (TDFFA) in parallel. Third, it is confirmed that the Raman scattering characteristic of tellurite-based fiber has such a large gain coefficient and Stokes shift that it is possible achieve a wideband tellurite-based fiber Raman amplifier. To overcome several problems, a distributed/discrete hybrid tellurite-and silica-based fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) was constructed as an S + C + L band WDM repeater with a gain bandwidth of 127-nm. Fourth, Brillouin amplification and the simulated performance of slow light generation in a tellurite-based fiber were investigated. The fiber exhibits the largest time delay per unit power of 19.9 ns/mW. Finally, a carrier-envelope offset (CEO)-locked frequency comb with low fiber coupling pulse energy (230 pJ) was demonstrated by using a tellurite-based PCF. This method has the potential to lock the CEO with a lower pulse energy and thus provide a low-noise and high-accuracy optical frequency comb at telecommunication wavelengths. These tellurite-based fibers with low background loss thus offer attractive functions for applications in the optical communication field.

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Section: Jcs-japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurite-based fibers and their applications to optical communication networks

Mori

2008

J. Ceram. Soc. Japan

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“…6 Despite these attractive features, there is one significant drawback to devices based on Raman effects in conventional optical fibers: Long lengths of fiber ͑ϳ10 km͒ are generally required, and the related issue of Rayleigh scattering in such f ibers compromises their performance. 7 To obtain adequate Raman amplif ication signal gain in a short length of optical fiber, it is necessary to use a specialty f iber with either a very high Raman gain coefficient or a small effective mode area.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman effects in a highly nonlinear holey fiber: amplification and modulation

et al. 2002

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“…The noise due to the Raman amplifier was added immediately after the SMF by attenuating the signal by , and then restoring the power using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with a noise figure of . This noise figure is the experimentally measured effective noise figure for a backward pumped Raman amplifier in SMF with dB [11]. An EDFA, with a noise figure of 3.8 dB that was placed after the DCF, compensated for the loss of 0.5 dB/km in the DCF.…”

Section: System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%