Rats as Indicators of the Presence and Dispersal of Pathogens in Cyprus: Ectoparasites, Parasitic Helminths, Enteric Bacteria, and Encephalomyocarditis Virus

Abstract

Rodents play an active role in the transmission of a number of zoonoses by harboring and disseminating the pathogens involved, either through their biological materials or via their ectoparasites. Hence, the spatial and seasonal distribution of potential agents of zoonoses may be studied by examining their distribution in the rodent vectors and their ectoparasites. A surveillance was conducted in wild rodents in 51 different areas of Cyprus, an island ecosystem, to monitor the reemergence of Echinococcus granulosus and Encephalomyocarditis virus (pathogens that have been eradicated from Cyprus), to study the presence and dispersal of Salmonella spp. (a bacterium found in patients and poultry in the island), as well as to investigate the presence of helminth parasites and rodent ectoparasites. Biological material collected from 625 rodents, examined macroscopically, microscopically, and after culture, showed that the most widespread pathogens encountered in wild rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) were helminth parasites, found in 92 animals (three helminth species found for the first time in Cyprus: Cysticercus fasciolaris, Hymenolepis diminuta, and Physalloptera spp.), and Salmonella spp., detected in the intestine of 56 rats (12 different Salmonella spp. and serotypes). None of the rodents were found infected with the cestode Echinococcus or Encephalomyocarditis virus, indicating that the control measures taken by the Veterinary Services on the island prevented its reestablishment despite changing conditions. The rodents were also free of the nematode Trichinella. Over 40% of the rats collected were infested with fleas, mainly Xenopsylla cheopis. The results, analyzed using the Geographical Information System technology, revealed two of the areas studied as high risk for public health.

Infections byLeptospira interrogans, Seoul Virus, andBartonellaspp. Among Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the Urban Slum Environment in Brazil

“…(Gratz 1994, Mills 1999, Kosoy et al 2010. Although the prevalence and patterns of acquisition of these zoonotic pathogens in Norway rat populations have been described from a handful of urban locations in the United States and Europe (Webster et al 1995, Macdonald 1999, Battersby et al 2002, Easterbrook et al 2007, Antoniou et al 2010, similar reports on these co-circulating pathogens from tropical, developing countries are unavailable.…”

The Characteristics of Wild Rat (Rattus spp.) Populations from an Inner-City Neighborhood with a Focus on Factors Critical to the Understanding of Rat-Associated Zoonoses

“…However, there are a variety of factors that could influence if and when an animal enters a trap, including trapping methodology, trap environment, and characteristics of the individual rat [27]. Given marked variation among studies with regard to how trapping is carried out [19], [22], [31], [32], it is important to better understand how trapping might influence the number and characteristics of rats trapped.…”

State‐Level Zoonotic Disease Surveillance in the United States

“…This includes use of technologies such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS) that enable for geospatial analysis. Several recent studies have used GIS for zoonotic disease surveillance and risk assessment (Antoniou et al., 2010; Carbajo et al., 2009), and use of the technology in public health is common. In our study (question 13), both groups indicated that GIS was important for surveillance, with state veterinarians more enthusiastic than state public health veterinarians ( P = 0.024).…”