Rational use of antibiotics and covariates of clinical outcomes in patients admitted to intensive care units of a tertiary hospital in Kenya

The Fragmented Picture of Antimicrobial Resistance in Kenya: A Situational Analysis of Antimicrobial Consumption and the Imperative for Antimicrobial Stewardship

“…In Kenya, key drivers of AMR were highlighted in the overuse of antibiotics in the medical, veterinary, and agricultural fields [ 23 ]. Further evidence from a study in KNH CCUs showed that only 18.5% of antibiotic usage demonstrated a rational approach, with common irrational practices including the inappropriate selection of antibiotics (51%) and incorrect duration of treatment (32.3%) [ 29 ]. Consumer demand for antibiotics is fueled by a desire for rapid symptom eradication.…”

Evolving Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Fever: A Comprehensive Review

“…This resistance has propelled the utilization of fluoroquinolones; however, since the late 1990s, intermediate and total fluoroquinolone resistance has surfaced, particularly prevalent in South Asia [40]. Consequently, treatment with extendedspectrum cephalosporins like ceftriaxone (administered intramuscularly or intravenously) and cefixime (taken orally) or azithromycin (an oral macrolide) often emerges as the preferred course of action for fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates [40]. Local resistance patterns and susceptibility testing should guide the selection of antibiotics for enteric fever [16].…”

“…Alongside antibiotic therapy, supportive measures such as fluid intake to prevent dehydration stemming from fever and diarrhea are essential, with surgical intervention occasionally warranted in severe cases to rectify intestinal damage [ 36 ]. Completing the entire antibiotic course as prescribed by a healthcare provider is crucial to mitigating the risk of antibiotic resistance [ 40 ]. Preventive strategies, including vaccination before traveling to high-risk areas for typhoid fever and adherence to good hygiene practices, are pivotal in disease management [ 40 ].…”

“…Completing the entire antibiotic course as prescribed by a healthcare provider is crucial to mitigating the risk of antibiotic resistance [ 40 ]. Preventive strategies, including vaccination before traveling to high-risk areas for typhoid fever and adherence to good hygiene practices, are pivotal in disease management [ 40 ]. Dietary adjustments, such as consuming easily digestible foods like cooked vegetables, refined grains, and low-fat or fat-free milk, are recommended to alleviate symptoms while avoiding spicy foods and those high in fiber and fat [ 40 ].…”

“…Preventive strategies, including vaccination before traveling to high-risk areas for typhoid fever and adherence to good hygiene practices, are pivotal in disease management [ 40 ]. Dietary adjustments, such as consuming easily digestible foods like cooked vegetables, refined grains, and low-fat or fat-free milk, are recommended to alleviate symptoms while avoiding spicy foods and those high in fiber and fat [ 40 ]. These multifaceted approaches are integral in the comprehensive management of enteric fever, ensuring effective treatment outcomes and prevention of disease transmission.…”